Copyright.  1912.  Geo.  P.  Hall  $  Son,  Kt 

THE   SKY-SCRAPERS   OF   NEW   YORK 

Compare  with  the  illustrations  on  pages  190  and  191. 


REPRESENTATIVE  CITIES 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


A   GEOGRAPHICAL   AND 
INDUSTRIAL   READER 


BY 


CAROLINE   W.    HOTCHKISS 

Instructor  in  Horace  Mann  School,  New  York 


BOSTON    NEW  YORK.    CHICAGO 

HOUGHTON    MIFFLIN    COMPANY 
ibe  prestf  Cambribge 


COPYRIGHT,    1913,    BY    CAROLINE   W     HOTCHKISE 
ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


CAMBRIDGE  .  MASSACHUSETTS 
U    .    S    .    A 


TO  THE  TEACHER 


r  |  ~"^HE  purpose  of  these  studies  in  the  geo- 
1  graphy  of  cities  is  to  offer  to  boys  and 

i.  girls  in  the  grammar  grades  a  fresh  point 
of  view  for  the  final  study  of  the  United  States. 
Each  of  these  Representative  Cities  is  a  center  of 
the  industries  and  life  of  a  section,  and  the  cities 
have  been  selected  with  a  view  of  covering  in  a  gen- 
eral way  the  chief  sections  of  the  United  States. 
Many  important  cities  have  been  omitted,  either 
because  their  location  and  development  offer  no 
points  that  have  not  already  been  covered,  or  be- 
cause the  selected  cities  allow  a  more  picturesque 
and  vivid  treatment. 

The  author  believes  that  the  best  results  will 
follow  from  studying  the  cities  in  the  order  given, 
though  the  arrangement  is  such  that  the  book  can 
be  used  effectively  with  any  prescribed  course  of 
study.  The  exercises  are  based  upon  many  years' 
experience  in  the  schoolroom.  They  call  for  a 
faithful  study  of  maps,  they  constantly  relate  the 
distant  to  the  home  environment,  and  they  keep 
before  the  youthful  learner  by  continued  compar- 
isons the  relation  of  each  cen.ter  to  the  world  at 
large.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  all  the  pupils 
of  a  class  shall  work  out  all  the  exercises  of  each 
chapter;  on  the  contrary,  the  number  of  exercises 


iv  TO   THE   TEACHER 

provided  makes  it  possible  to  choose  as  the  inter- 
ests of  teacher  and  pupil  or  the  ability  of  the  pupils 
shall  direct.  Outline  maps  should  be  used  unspar- 
ingly. Information  as  to  where  they  may  be  ob- 
tained will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 

The  author  acknowledges  with  thanks  the  cour- 
tesy of  Professor  R.  H.  Whitbeck,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  for  allowing  certain  statements 
of  his  to  be  used  in  the  "  Rules  Governing  the 
Location  of  Cities." 


TO   THE    PUPIL 

IN  the  study  of  arithmetic  and  spelling  you 
have  been  obliged  to  learn  certain  rules  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  they  were  hard  and  dis- 
tasteful to  you.  No  doubt  you  have  found  that 
their  mastery  has  more  than  once  helped  you  to 
solve  a  problem  or  spell  a  difficult  word.  That  is 
the  reason  they  were  given  you  to  learn  and,  if 
you  live  long  enough,  you  will  be  grateful  to  those 
teachers  who  insisted  most  rigidly  on  your  accom- 
plishing your  task.  In  the  same  way  there  are 
rules  in  geography,  though  they  are  not  as  dry  as 
those  in  arithmetic  or  spelling.  By  their  help  you 
will  be  able  to  straighten  out  many  a  perplexing 
problem  beginning  with  why  or  how.  A  few  of 
these  rules  that  have  to  do  with  the  location  of 
cities  have  been  placed  at  the  end  of  the  last  chap- 
ter. They  will  help  you  to  see  the  reasons  for  the 
location  and  growth  of  nearly  all  cities,  and  the 
exercises  based  on  them  will  put  you  in  possession 
of  much  important  geographical  knowledge.  • 


CONTENTS 


SAN  FRANCISCO .       .       . 

^/PORTLAND,  THE  ROSE  CITY 

/  SEATTLE' 

DENVER,  THE  CITY  IN  THE  WILDERNESS 
\/NEW  ORLEANS,  THE  CRESCENT  CITY          .... 
\J  DULUTH,  THE  ZENITH  ClTY  OF  THE  UNSALTED  SEAS  . 
/MINNEAPOLIS  AND  ST.  PAUL:  THE  TWIN  CITIES 

CHICAGO,  OUR  INLAND  METROPOLIS       .... 

PITTSBURGH,  THE  WORLD'S  WORKSHOP      .... 

GARY 

\XSAVANNAH,  THE  FOREST  ClTY 

\XBOSTON 

v  YORK 177 


APPENDIX 

GENERAL  REVIEW  EXERCISES 201 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURES  AND  ANNUAL  RAINFALL  OF 

THE  "REPRESENTATIVE  CITIES  " 203 

RULES  GOVERNING  THE  LOCATION  OF  CITIES  .  .  203 
THE  TWENTY-FIVE  LARGEST  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,  1910 204 

THE  TWENTY-FIVE  LARGEST  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD  .  205 

THE  TEN  GREATEST  SEAPORTS  OF  THE  WORLD  .  .  205 

EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS  OF  PRINCIPAL  COUNTRIES  .  .  206 


viii  CONTENTS 

THE  TEN  BEST  CUSTOMERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1912  206 
THE  TEN  COUNTRIES  MAKING  THE  LARGEST  EXPORTS  TO 

THE  UNITED  STATES 207 

VALUE  OF  IMPORTS  AT  PRINCIPAL  PORTS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,  1912 207 

VALUE  OF  EXPORTS  AT  PRINCIPAL  PORTS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,  1912 207 

WOOL  PRODUCTION  OF  THE  WORLD,  1906  .  .  .  208 

SOME  IMPORTANT  RIVERS  OF  THE  WORLD  .  .  .  208 

SOME  FAMOUS  MOUNTAIN  PEAKS 209 

INDEX  .  210 


ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  MAPS 

THE  SKY-SCRAPERS  or  NEW  YORK   ....          Frontispiece 

SAN  FRANCISCO  AND  VICINITY.    Map 2 

MISSION  DOLORES 3 

A  PACIFIC  LINER  AT  THE  DOCKS  IN  SAN  FRANCISCO    ...  5 

LOOKING  OVER  THE  CITY  AND  BAY 8 

FROM  NOB  HILL ^9 

A  STREET  IN  THE  BUSINESS  SECTION 10 

THE  ENTRANCE  TO  CHINATOWN      .        .     " n 

THE  SEAL  OF  THE  CITY  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO      ....  13 

AN  APARTMENT  HOUSE  IN  SAN  FRANCISCO 14 

THE  GOLDEN  GATE     . 15 

THE  WILLAMETTE  FALLS      .   *-      . 18 

PORTLAND  AND  VICINITY.    Map 19 

THE  CITY  OF  PORTLAND         .        .        ,  .        .        .21 

ONE  OF  THE  GREAT  LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  PLANTS    .        .  23 

THE  LOWER  HARBOR .  25 

AT  THE  ROSE  CARNIVAL .  27 

SEATTLE  AND  VICINITY.   Map        •.    .   *  . 32 

THE  MINNESOTA .  33 

THE  TOTEM  POLE  IN  PIONEER  SQUARE 35 

THE  BUSINESS  PORTION  OF  SEATTLE 37 

SEATTLE  FROM  LAKE  WASHINGTON         ..:...  38 

MT.  RAINIER  FROM  LAKE  WASHINGTON 39 

THE  GREAT  NORTHERN  DOCKS 41 

DENVER  AND  ITS  SURROUNDINGS.    Map     .....  45 
A  VIEW  FROM  THE  DOME  OF  THE  CAPITOL  .        .        .        .        -47 

THE  COLORADO  STATE  CAPITOL  AT  DENVER      ....  49 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  TREES  ON  ARBOR  DAY 51 

ONE  OF  THE  GREAT  SMELTERS 52 

THE  NEW  "  GULF-TO-SOUND  ROUTE  "  OF  THE  SYSTEM  OF  RAILROADS 

IN  THE  NORTHWEST.   Map           S3 


x  ILLUSTRATIONS   AND    MAPS 

THE  NEW  ORLEANS  WATER  FRONT 58 

RIVER  BOATS  AT  THE  LEVEE           61 

A  BANANA  CONVEYOR •        .62 

NEW  ORLEANS  AND  VICINITY.   Map 63 

A  SCENE  IN  THE  FRENCH  QUARTER 65 

A  COURTYARD  IN  THE  FRENCH  QUARTER  67 

THE  SHADE  TREES  OF  THE  SOUTH 69 

THE  GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILROAD'S  COTTON  ROUTE  TO  ASIA. 

Map 7° 

DULUTH   AND   SUPERIOR.     Map 75 

DULUTH  HARBOR  AND  MINNESOTA  POINT        ....  76 

ROUTES  OF  ORE  SHIPMENTS  THROUGH  THE  GREAT  LAKES.    Map  78 

A  GRAIN  BOAT  LOADING  WITH  WHEAT 79 

STEAM  SHOVELS  LOADING  ORE .  81 

THE  DULUTH  HIGH  SCHOOL 82 

STEEL  ORE  BOAT  IN  DULUTH  SHIP  CANAL          .        .        .        .83 

MINNEAPOLIS  AND  ST.  PAUL.   Map 89 

THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  FROM  HIGH  BRIDGE,  ST.  PAUL      .        .  90 

MINNESOTA  STATE  CAPITOL  AT  ST.  PAUL        .        .        .        .  91 
SECTIONAL  VIEW  OF  A  SIMPLIFIED  FLOUR  MILL          .        .        .93 

THE  MILLING  DISTRICT  OF  MINNEAPOLIS        .        .        .        .  97 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA  .       .        .        .•'.-•'  .•'   •  .  99 

ONE  OF  THE  MANY  PLAYGROUNDS            .        .        .        .        .  104 
MICHIGAN  AVENUE  AND  THE  LAKE  FRONT           .        .        .        .105 

SOUTH  WATER  STREET ';    .  107 

THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.    Map 109 

A  "JACK-KNIFE"  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  CHICAGO  RIVER  .        .  in 

CHICAGO  IN  1831 112 

MICHIGAN  AVENUE  AND  GRANT  PARK      .        .        .        .        .  113 

LAKE  SHORE  DRIVE      . .114 

THE  BLOCK  HOUSE  ON  "THE  POINT"     .        .        .        .        .  119 

PITTSBURGH  AND  THE  NEIGHBORING  TOWNS.    Map     .        .        ,  120 

AN  INTERIOR  OF  A  STEEL  PLANT     .        .        .        .       0   "',.  121 

PITTSBURGH,  SHOWING  "THE  POINT" 122 

PITTSBURGH,  THE  SECTION  INCLUDING  "THE  HUMP"      .        .  123 

A  FLEET  OF  COAL  BARGES  ON  THE  MONONGAHELA  RIVER         .  127 


ILLUSTRATIONS  AND   MAPS  xi 

THE  CARNEGIE  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS        .        .        .        .        .  129 

GARY'S  FIRST  RAILROAD  STATION;  THE  NEW  UNION  STATION    .  135 

GARY  AND  ITS  SURROUNDINGS.  Map 137 

THE  BLAST  FURNACES 140 

THE  ORE  DOCKS 141 

OPEN  HEARTH  FURNACES ..142 

ONE  OF  THE  SPLENDID  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS  IN  GARY       .        .  143 

SAVANNAH  AND  VICINITY.     Map 149 

ONE  OF  SAVANNAH'S  OPEN  SQUARES        .        .        .        .        .  151 

NAVAL  STORES  DOCKS .        .        .  153 

COTTON  READY  FOR  LOADING 155 

BAY  STREET           .                                 157 

AN  AVENUE  OF  LIVE-OAKS 158 

BOSTON,  OLD  AND  NEW.   Map 162 

LOOKING  DOWN  TREMONT  STREET  TOWARD  BEACON  HILL       .  163 

WASHINGTON  STREET 165 

COMMONWEALTH  AVENUE 167 

BOSTON  AND  VICINITY.    Map .168 

A  VIEW  IN  FRANKLIN  PARK •   .  169 

THE  SPINNING  ROOM  IN  A  COTTON  MILL 171 

A  VIEW  IN  A  SHOE  FACTORY 173 

NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  VICINITY.    Map 179 

"NEW  YORK  CUSTOM  HOUSE       .               .        .        .        .        .  181 

GRAND  CENTRAL  TERMINAL 183 

BROOKLYN  WATER  FRONT,  ALONG  THE  EAST  RIVER        .        .  187 

A  PICTURESQUE  SPOT  IN  CENTRAL  PARK    .....  189 

SKY  LINE  OF  LOWER  NEW  YORK 190 

FROM  THE  HUDSON  RIVER .        .  191 

A  CONGESTED  TENEMENT-HOUSE  SECTION        ....  192 

RIVERSIDE  DRIVE 193 

RAILROAD  SYSTEMS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.    Map         .        .  199 

PRINCIPAL  TRADE  ROUTES  OF  THE  WORLD.    Map      .        .        .  200 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

SAN   FRANCISCO 

She  shall  sit  at  the  gates  of  the  world, 
Where  nations  shall  gather  and  meet, 
And  the  East  and  the  West  at  Her  bidding, 
Shall  lie  in  a  leash  at  Her  feet. 

S.  J.  ALEXANDER. 

ONE  of  the  first  things  boys  and  girls  dis- 
cover as  they  study  geography  is  that 
many  of  the  great  world  cities  are  situ- 
ated on  deep  bays  or  near  the  mouths  of  naviga- 
ble rivers.  But  did  you  ever  stop  to  think  that 
such  a  favorable  location  alone  would  never  ac- 
count for  the  growth  of  such  big  cities  as  New 
York  or  London  or  Shanghai  ?  No  matter  how 
deep  or  spacious  the  harbor,  if  the  country  back  of 
the  coast  is  desert  or  barren  no  large  city  is  likely 
to  grow  up  there.  If,  however,  the  navigable  river 
leads  to  a  back  country  or  Hinterland,  as  the  Ger- 
mans call  it,  rich  in  mineral  or  agricultural  wealth, 
industries  and  commerce  flourish.  Behind  New 
York  is  the  hinterland  of  the  Mohawk  Valley  and 
the  Middle  West;  Shanghai  is  the  outlet  for  rich 
plains  of  the  Yang-tse  River ;  so  in  a  similar  way 
it  is  the  California  Valley  that  has  built  up  San 


2  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Francisco.  Though  a  settlement  was  made  in  1776 
near  the  present  site  of  the  city,  it  remained  a 
miserable  little  place  until  the  discovery  of  gold 
in  the  Sacramento  Valley  in  1848,  after  which 


SAN  FRANCISCO  AND  VICINITY 

•        -  -   * 

Note  the  piers  buijt  out  from  the  Oakland  shore,  to  shorten  the  ferriage  to 
San  Francisco. 


almost  in  a  day  it  grew  into  the  proportions  of  a 
city. 

But  it  was  the  Bay  that  first  called  San  Fran- 
cisco into  being,  and  well  it  might,  for  it  is  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  harbors  in  the  world  and,  ex- 
cepting San  Diego,  the  only  commodious  one  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  of 
the  United  States 
south  of  Puget 
Sound.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1776,  while 
stirringevents  were 
happening  around 
Boston,  the  Span- 
iards established  a 
presidio  or  fortified 
camp  on  the  tip 
of  the  peninsula 
which  separates 
San  Francisco  Bay 
from  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  near  it 

founded  a  mission.  This  presidio,  together  with 
those  at  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  and  Monterey, 
was  intended  to  show  the  adventurous  Russians, 
who  were  prowling  along  the  Alaskan  coast,  that 
Spain  would  have  to  be  reckoned  with  if  they  came 
any  nearer.  The  little  mission  was  one  of  many 
planted  in  California  by  the  Spanish  missionary 
Father  Jumpero  Serra,  the  Bay  and  later  the  city 


MISSION   DOLORES  -. 
Note  the  open  belfries  of  the  mission,  and  the 
semi-tropical  vegetation. 


4  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

receiving  the  name  of  St.  Francis,  the  founder  of 
the  religious  order  to  which  the  good  missionary 
belonged. 

The  Bay  is  the  glory  and  pride  of  the  city.  Its 
spacious  land-locked  harbor,  surrounded  by  .hills 
and  mountains,  with  a  strait  nearly  a  mile  wide 
leading  to  the  ocean,  and  water  so  deep  that  ships 
can  enter  and  leave  at  all  tides,  must  have  fired  the 
imagination  of  the  first  Spanish  commander  who 
sailed  into  it,  for  in  his  report  to  Father  Serra  he 
exclaims,  "  A  multitude  of  harbors  wherein  all  the 
navies  of  Spain  can  play  at  hide-and-seek."  Alas 
for  the  navies  of  Spain,  they  have  melted  away; 
but  through  the  Golden  Gate  which  faces  the  sun- 
set sky  flock  in  ships  from  the  great  circle  of  the 
Pacific.  What  rich  cargoes  they  bring  from  lands 
that  have  for  centuries  supplied  the  West  with 
the  luxuries  of  the  East !  Think  of  the  voyages 
taken  and  the  lives  lost  to  bring  the  Far  East 
near  to  the  youthful  eager  West!  Now  the  United 
States  is  piercing  the  last  barrier  that  has  divided 
the  hemispheres.  When  this  is  done,  there  will 
flow  through  the  Panama  Canal  a  great  east-west 
tide  of  commerce,  that  will  surely  do  much  to 
unite  the  East  and  the  West  into  one  great  family 
of  understanding  and  sympathy. 

A  walk  along  the  water  front  of  San  Francisco 
will  enable  us  to  imagine  some  of  the  cargoes 
that  are  entering  and  leaving  that  port.  At  the 
wharves  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company 


SAN   FRANCISCO 


A    PACIFIC   LINER   AT   THE   DOCKS    IN    SAN    FRANCISCO 
Note  the  sacks  of  wheat  ready  for  loading. 

lies  a  steamer  from  Honolulu,  discharging  sugar, 
rice,  bananas,  coffee,  and  honey.  Perhaps  the  Nip- 
pon Maru,  a  Japanese  liner,  is  due;  it  has  in  its 
hold  chests  of  tea,  bales  of  silk,  bags  of  sulphur  to 
use  in  the  drying  of  fruit,  porcelain,  embroideries, 
and  matting.  Much  of  this  valuable  cargo  will 
be  hurried  to  the  transcontinental  railroads  and 
distributed  among  the  cities  of  the  Middle  West 
and  the  Atlantic  Coast.  At  one  of  the  wharves 
lies  a  product  of  the  steel  mills  of  Pennsylvania, 
— heavy  rails  to  be  laid  down  on  the  steep  hills 
of  San  Francisco.  They  came  by  a  roundabout 
but  cheaper  route  than  overland ;  to  Mexico  by 
water,  across  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  by  rail, 
and  again  by  coasting  steamer.  Smaller  vessels 
do  the  coasting  trade.  In  April,  ships  bound  for 
Alaska  load  with  tin  cans  and  laborers  for  the 
fish  canneries,  and  passenger  steamers  arrive  and 
depart  many  times  a  week  for  Los  Angeles  and 
the  cities  of  the  Northwest.  The  accompanying 


MOVEMENTS  OF  STEAMERS 
To  ARRIVE 


6  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

shipping  list  from  the  San  Francisco  Daily  Chron- 
icle shows  the  number  ot 
vessels  arriving  in  a  week. 
It  will  not  be  difficult  for 
you  to  determine  the 
cargo  each  will  bring  and 
to  locate  the  port  from 
which  the  ship  sails. 

Besides  the  foreign 
commerce  of  the  Bay 
there  is  the  enormous 


From 


Date 


Los  Angeles,  San  Diego, 

Manila, 

Hong  Kong, 

Portland,  Astoria, 

San  Pedro, 

Honolulu, 

Salina  Cruz, 

Seattle,  Tacoma, 

Balboa, 

New  York  via  Ancon, 

Hamburg  and  Way  Ports, 


Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct.  14 

Oct  14  ' 

Oct  i4  ; 

Oct.  15  ! 

Oct.  1 6 

Oct.  16 

Oct  17 

Oct.  1 8 

Oct.  19 


daily  traffic  on  its  waters. 
The  location  of  San  Francisco  is  such  that  only  one 
of  the  transcontinental  railroads  can  land  its  pas- 
sengers and  freight  directly  in  the  city;  this  is  the 
branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific  that  follows  the 
coast  north  from  Los  Angeles.  All  the  others, 
the  Santa  Fe,  the  Central  and  Western  Pacific, 
and  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  must 
transfer  their  loads  to  ferryboats  at  Oakland  and 
other  points  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Bay. 
Thus  has  been  built  up  the  best  ferry  service  in 
the  world,  all  lines  converging  at  the  commodious 
Ferry  House  at  the  foot  of  Market  Street.  In 
Oakland,  Alameda,  and  Berkeley,  live  many  thou- 
sands who  go  to  San  Francisco  every  day  for 
business  or  pleasure.  The  ferries  between  these 
points  and  San  Francisco  carry  over  one  hundred 
thousand  passengers  daily.  Those  of  us  who  live 
inland  may  envy  these  people  their  morning  and 


SAN    FRANCISCO  7 

evening  sail,  for  nowhere  in  the  world,  it  is  said, 
are  there  more  gorgeous  sunsets,  and  one  who 
has  seen  the  evening  colors  bathing  sea,  sky,  and 
mountains  in  gold  and  opal  tints  cannot  wonder 
at  the  enthusiasm  the  scene  arouses.  Even  when 
the  ocean  fog  creeps  in  through  the  "  keyhole"  it 
is  still  beautiful,  and  the  gulls  are  always  there,  in 
fair  weather  or  foul,  flying  close  to  the  boats  and 
perching  unconcernedly  on  the  piers  while  the 
ferryboats  pass  in  and  out  of  the  slips. 

Into  the  Bay,  with  its  shore  line  of  two  hundred 
miles,  empty  two  rivers,  each  reaching  into  the 
heart  of  a  fertile  valley,  —  the  Sacramento,  navi- 
gable to  the  city  of  Sacramento,  the  San  Joaquin, 
to  Stockton.  Broad  stern-wheel  steamers  ply  up 
and  down  the  river,  exchanging  hay  and  garden 
produce  for  groceries,  hardware,  and  other  neces- 
saries from  the  Bay  cities.  This  central  valley,  the 
rich  hinterland  of  San  Francisco,  will  some  day 
support  a  dense  population.  It  is  very  young  com- 
pared with  the  populous  valleys  of  the  Ganges 
and  the  Rhine,  for  it  has  been  settled  barely  half 
a  century;  yet  during  1910  its  oil  wells  produced 
74,000,000  barrels  of  oil,  its  harvests  yielded  al- 
monds, walnuts,  cherries,  strawberries,  loganber- 
ries, figs,  grapes,  raisins,  prunes,  lemons,  oranges, 
olives,  melons,  sugar  beets,  asparagus,  celery,  the 
mealy  Burbank  potato,  honey,  cheese,  butter,  eggs, 
hay,  hops,  and  grain,  and  from  the  slopes  of  the 
Sierras  came  over  $18,000,000  worth  of  gold.  Few 


8 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


valleys  in  the  world  can  surpass  the  Valley  of 
California  in  variety  of  products;  and  this  is  but  a 
partial  list  of  its  resources.  Already  electricity, 
generated  by  the  mountain  streams,  lights  the 
streets  of  San  Francisco  and  operates  the  cars  in 
Oakland  and  many  a  smaller  town.  The  tall  poles, 
with  their  yardarms  and  insulators  marching  in 


LOOKING  OVER  THE  CITY  AND  BAY 
Note  the  tower  of  the  Ferry  House  and  the  islands. 

endless  procession  across  the  flat  valley  floor, 
show  how  man  has  learned  to  use  the  forces  of 
nature  for  his  own  needs ;  none  the  less  convinc- 
ing are  the  aqueducts  and  the  irrigating  canals 
which  bring  life  from  the  mountains  to  the  parched 
valleys. 

The  traveler  who  approaches  San  Francisco  by 
water  is  thrilled  by  the  thought  that  he  is  draw- 


SAN    FRANCISCO  9 

ing  near  one  of  the  world's  great  cities,  so  com- 
manding is  its  position,  so  beautiful  its  surround- 
ings. He  looks  with  astonishment  at  the  massive 
buildings  that  crowd  the  lower  portions  of  the 
city.  Where  are  the  wind-blown  sand  hills  among 
which  the  gold-seekers  pitched  their  tents  three- 
score years  ago  ?  Succeeding  generations  have 


Cvpyrtgltt.  1911,  R.  J.   Waters  Co. 

FROM  NOB  HILL 


thrown  them  into  the  sea,  and  filled  up  the  marshes 
to  make  room  for  the  skyscrapers  so  necessary  to 
modern  business.  Where  are  the  ruins  of  the 
great  fire  ?  You  will  have  to  search  diligently  to 
find  them.  It  is  the  wonder  of  the  age  that  the 
new  San  Francisco  has  arisen  so  quickly  on  the 
ashes  of  the  old.  Back  of  the  level  business  portion 
of  the  city  rise  the  steep  rocky  hills  that  fairly 


10  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

astonish  one  who  sees  them  for  the  first  time.  On 
Nob  Hill,  Telegraph  Hill,  Russian  Hill,  and  all  the 
others  rise,  tier  above  tier,  splendid  hotels,  shops, 

schools,  church- 
es, and  inviting 
homes.  Itisslow 
work  climbing 
up  these  steep 
grades,  and  the 
descent  is  not 
so  easy  as  one 
would  think. 
Most  people 
prefer  to  use 
the  pretty  little 
cable  cars  that 
crawl  steadily 
up  and  down 
"like  flies  on  a 
window  pane." 
Even  the  houses 

have  to  climb;  no  two  are  on  the  same  level,  but 
each  one  gets  a  view  of  the  Bay  with  its  islands 
and  shipping,  or  of  Mount  Tamalpais  or  distant 
Mount  Diablo. 

San  Francisco  is  a  treeless  city,  but  the  lack  of 
shade  is  not  noticed  as  it  would  be  elsewhere. 
The  cool  breezes  that  sweep  in  from  the  ocean  so 
temper  the  summer  heat  that  the  sunny  side  of 
the  street  is  often  preferable.  It  is,  however,  a  city 


Photo,  by  O.  Moulbi. 

A  STREET  IN  THE  BUSINESS  SECTION 


SAN   FRANCISCO 


ii 


of  brilliant  color;  the  eye  is  dazzled  by  the  flowers 
that  are  everywhere.  Heliotrope  and  fuchsias 
climb  up  the  porches;  daisies,  white  and  yellow, 
grow  in  masses  in  garden  beds ;  and  roses  bloom 
nearly  all  the  year.  The  air  is  so  clear  owing  to 
the  absence  of  moisture  that  things  do  not  grow 
bedraggled  and  dingy;  there  are  gorgeous  red 
geraniums  banked  against  gray  walls;  and  from 
the  gilded  roofs 
of  the  Chinese 
bazaars  bright 
streamers  with 
picturesque 
Oriental  figures 
wave  gayly  in 
i;he  breeze. 

And  what  of 
the  people  who 
live  amid  these 
surroundings  ? 
All  nations  of 
the  world  are 
drawn  to  the 
city  at  the  West- 
ern Gate ;  Chi- 
nese, Japanese, 

Italians,  French,  German,  Swiss,  Mexican,  Rus- 
sian, English,  American,  each  finds  his  own  speech 
and  customs,  though  the  children  of  the  foreign 
folk  grow  rapidly  into  ardent  Americans.  In  the 


THE   ENTRANCE   TO   CHINATOWN 


12  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Oriental  School  Chinese  girls  in  their  native 
garb  —  pretty  silk  or  cotton  trousers  and  long 
blouses  —  swing  on  trapeze  or  "giant  stride"  with 
all  the  energy  of  American  girls,  and  the  boys 
read  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,  apparently  appreciat- 
ing the  story,  if  not  the  author's  art  in  telling  it. 
The  children  in  Little  Italy,  with  their  bright 
black  eyes  and  roguish  faces,  adopt  our  ways  before 
they  can  speak  our  language ;  and  though  some  of 
the  other  nations  may  be  slower  in  acknowledging 
their  loyalty  to  a  new  fatherland,  sooner  or  later 
most  of  them  become  part  of  our  national  life, 
giving  it  their  service  and  devotion  in  return  for 
the  larger  opportunity  it  offers  them. 

One  cannot  think  of  San  Francisco  without 
recalling  the  pretty  story  of  the  Phoenix,  that  has 
come  down  to  us  from  the  Orient.  According  to 
the  legend  this  fabled  bird,  the  only  one  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  lived  in  the  Arabian  wilderness 
for  many  hundred  years ;  then,  hoary  with  age,  it 
built  for  itself  a  funeral  pyre,  fanned  it  into  flame 
with  its  great  wings,  and  sank  into  the  burning 
pile.  But  the  fire  proved  a  source  of  life  rather 
than  death,  for  from  the  dying  embers  there  arose 
a  beautiful  young  Phcenix,  which  flew  joyfully 
away  to  repeat  the  mysterious  life  of  its  ancestor. 

This  bird  arising  from  the  dead  ashes  of  its  old 
self  was  chosen,  in  1854,  as  the  seal  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, for  even  at  that  early  date  in  its  history  the 
town  had  suffered  from  many  disastrous  fires,  and 


SAN    FRANCISCO  13 

like  the  Phoenix  was  continually  springing  up 
better  and  fairer  than  before.  Six  times  between 
1849  and  1851  large  portions  of  the  town  were 
burned,  yet  after  each  disaster 
those  who  had  suffered  most 
Went  resolutely  to  work  to  clear 
away  the  ruins  in  order  to  begin 
again.  In  1906,  however,  oc- 
curred the  greatest  disaster  in 
its  history.  Early  on  the  morn- 
ins:  of  April  1 8,  the  city  was  THE  SEAL  OF  THE 

.    .        ,     ,  it  C1TYOFSANFRAN- 

visited  by  a  severe  earthquake  cisco 
which  wrecked  many  buildings 
and  damaged  more.  Fires  broke  out  immediately. 
The  water  mains  had  been  broken  by  the  shock, 
so  there  were  no  effectual  means  of  fighting  the 
flames  that  raged  for  three  days  and  left  a  large 
portion  of  the  city  in  ruins.  We  may  well  ask  why 
in  the  face  of  such  repeated  calamities  the  peo- 
ple should  persist  in  rebuilding  the  city  on  its 
old  foundations.  Our  answer  to-day  must  be  the 
same  as  that  written  in  the  old  City  Annals  of 
1854  in  reply  to  a  similar  question,  —  "The  Bay  is 
there,  the  people  are  there,  the  gold  mines  are  not 
yet  exhausted,  and  the  valley  is  as  fertile  as  ever." 
You  may  now  see  how  largely  the  geographical 
location  of  San  Francisco  has  influenced  its  devel- 
opment as  an  ocean  port.  Every  port  must  be  a 
gateway  from  ocean  highways  to  inland  routes 
of  communication.  The  people  who  live  in  the 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


productive  hinterland  find  a  market  for  their  pro- 
ducts through  the  ocean  port,  and  they  in  their 
turn  become  a  market  for  the  goods  imported  from 
other  productive  regions.  How  vividly  the  routes 
of  commerce  in  and  out  of  San  Francisco  show 
this  development  !  Along  the  California  Valley, 
hemmed  in  by  mountains  on  north,  south,  east, 
and  west,  run  the  rivers  and  railroad  lines,  both 
turning  a  sharp  angle  to  the  west  at  the  Carquinez 

Strait  which  opens 
to  San  Francisco 
Bay,  the  only  nat- 
ural outlet  the  val- 
ley has.  At  the 
Golden  Gate  the 
ocean  highways 
radiate,  like  the 
spokes  of  a  fan,  to 
South  America, 
New  York,  and 
Hamburg;  to  Pan- 
ama, San  Diego, 
and  San  Pedro;  to 
Sydney,  Manila, 
Honolulu,  Hong 
Kong,  and  Yo- 
and to 
P  uget 
and  Van- 


AN APARTMENT  HOUSE  IN  SAN 

FRANCISCO 

Note  the  heavy  grade  of  the  hillside  on  which 
'    this  building  stands.    Compare  the  architec- 
ture with  that  of  the  New  York  apartment 
houses  on  page  189. 


kohama 
Nome 
Sound, 
couver.  Small  wonder  is  it  that  the  poets  of  this 


SAN    FRANCISCO 


THE  GOLDEN  GATE 


Western  Gateway  are  prophets,  and  that  its  peo- 
ple are  inspired  with  unbounded  faith  in  the  future 
of  their  city  and  with  unparalleled  energy  to  over- 
come all  obstacles. 


QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

What  is  a  hinterland  ?  Find  on  your  maps  the  hinterland 
of  Chicago,  of  New  York,  of  Buenos  Ayres,  of  Shang- 
hai. Tell  in  each  case  how  the  city  is  connected  with  its 
hinterland.  Which  city  is  the  largest  ? 
What  ancient  city  in  Africa  is  still  an  important  port  in 
spite  of  a  desert  hinterland  ?  How  do  you  account  for 
this? 

Draw  a  plan  of  the  location  of  San  Francisco  and  the 
other  Bay  cities.  Write  the  names  of  the  chief  bodies  of 
water  and  locate  the  Bay  cities.  Write  the  latitude  and 
longitude  in  the  margin  of  your  plan.  What  two  cities  of 
China  are  situated  one  a  little  north,  the  other  a  little 
south  of  San  Francisco  ?  Put  these  facts  on  your  plan. 
Make  your  drawing  as  neat  and  attractive  as  you  can. 


16  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

4.  What  is  the  average  January  temperature  of  San  Fran- 
cisco ?  July  temperature  ?  How  does  this  compare  with 
the  winter  and  summer  temperatures  in  your  city?  In 
which  season  does  most  rain  fall  in  California  ?  In  your 
city  ?  Would  you  rather  live  in  a  place  where  the  rainfall 
was  evenly  distributed  through  the  year,  or  where  it  falls 
in  one  season?  Why?    See  Appendix,  p.  203. 

5.  What  two  historical  events,  one  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the 
other  on  the  Pacific  coast,  happened  in  1776  ? 

6.  Learn   the   location  of   every  place   mentioned   in  this 
chapter. 

7.  On  a  map  of  North  America  trace  the  route  of  the  steel 
rails  from  Pennsylvania  to  San  Francisco.  Name  bodies 
of  water  and  countries  crossed. 

8.  Describe  the   route  you  would   like  to  take  from    your 
home  to  San  Francisco.    Draw  this  route  on  an  outline 
map  of  the  United  States,  marking  the  chief  cities  on 
the  route  and  the  mountains  and  the  rivers  crossed. 

9.  Tell  which  of  the  products  of  the  California  Valley  are 
raised  about  your  home. 

10.  From  what  mountains  do  the  streams  come  that  are 
used  for  irrigating  the  California  Valley  ?  What  relation 
does  their  height  have  to  the  never-failing  supply  of 
water  in  these  streams  ? 

n.  Imagine  yourself  standing  on  Nob  Hill  from  which  the  pic- 
tures on  pages  8  and  9  were  taken.  Tell  what  you  would  see 
as  you  looked  out  over  the  bay  and  the  opposite  shores. 

12.  What  is  the  chief  characteristic  of  the  Chinese  bazaars  as 
shown  in  the  picture  ?  What  would  you  be  likely  to  find 
in  those  shops  ? 

13.  Make  a  list  of  the  Spanish  names  you  find  on  the  map 
of  California  or  on  the  map  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  Ac- 
count for  their  presence  there. 

14.  Write  a  short  composition  about  San  Francisco  describ- 
ing the  things  that  interest  you  most.  Add  to  this,  if  you 
can,  some  knowledge  of  your  own  about  the  city. 


SAN    FRANCISCO  17 

15.  Tell  the  story  of  the  Phoenix.  Why  was  it  chosen  for  the 
seal  of  the  city  ?  Has  your  city  or  town  a  seal  ?  If  so, 
write  a  description  of  it  and  tell  what  it  is  used  for. 
Arrange  this  in  three  paragraphs  for  your  English  com- 
position of  the  week. 

»6.  Learn  the  stanza  at  the  beginning  of  this  chapter.  Be 
sure  you  first  understand  what  it  means. 


EXERCISES    FOR   WORLD   REVIEW 

From  the  list  of  "Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the 
World  "  (Appendix,  page  205)  select  those  that  are  on 
bays  or  near  the  mouths  of  navigable  rivers.  Learn  their 
location. 

Compare  the  location  of  San  Francisco  with  that  of  Shang- 
hai. Make  your  comparison  either  by  drawing  or  in  writ- 
ing- 
Consult  the  Chronicle's  shipping  list  (page  6)  and  tell 
how  many  vessels  arrived  in  San  Francisco  the  week  of 
October  14.  Write  in  a  column  the  port  from  which  each 
ship  sailed  and  opposite  this  the  cargo  you  think  it 
brought.  Use  a  geography  textbook  to  help  your  mem- 
ory with  regard  to  the  products  of  these  countries. 
Name  the  countries  that  border  on  the  Pacific  Ocean 
and  tell  the  chief  seaport  of  each. 

On  an  outline  map  of  the  World  show  by  a  heavy  line 
the  present  route  between  Hamburg,  San  Francisco,  and 
Seattle ;  show  by  a  dotted  line  the  route  ships  will  take 
after  the  Panama  Canal  is  opened. 


PORTLAND,   THE   ROSE  CITY 


EVERYBODY  loves   a   river,  — the  poet, 
the  artist,  the  fisherman,  the  miller,  the 
manufacturer,  and  you  and  I.   A  river  is 
always  moving,  and  we  love  to  watch  the  life  that 
moves  with  it.  Boats  come  and  go,  the  road  fol- 
lows its  bank,  bridges  cross  it,  logs  float  down  the 
stream,  mills  and  factories  loom  along  its  side. 
For  these  reasons  and  others,  a  river  town  has  al- 
ways something  interesting  about  it.  In  all  times 

men  have  gath- 
ered in  groups 
on  the  banks  of 
rivers,andmany 
of  these  settle- 
ments are  to- 
day important 
cities.  Not  all  of 
them;  some 
were  started  so 
recently  they 
have not  yet had 
a  chance ;  oth- 
ers that  once  were  full  of  life  are  now  stagnant 
or  dead.  Vienna  is  over  two  thousand  years  old, 
but  because  of  its  commanding  position  we  cannot 
think  it  will  ever  cease  to  be.  Portland,  Oregon, 


THE  WILLAMETTE  FALLS 
This  view  includes  also  a  part  of  the  manufacturing 
district.  The  people  in  the  boats  are  fishing  for 
salmon. 


PORTLAND  19 

has  had  barely  seventy  birthdays,  but  already  over 
200,000  people  call  the  "  Rose  City  "  their  home. 
There  are  many  reasons  why  towns  should  grow 
up  on  the  banks  of  rivers ;  you  can  probably  think 
of  several.  Perhaps  you  already  know  one  reason 
why  the  old  Gate  City  of  Vienna  should  have  per- 
sisted all  these  years  in  spite  of  wars  and  destruc- 
tions. Let  us 
look  at  the  situ- 
ation of  Port- 
land and  proph- 
esy as  to  her 
contin  uance 
and  growth. 


There  can 
hardly  be  a 
greatercontrast 
than  that  be- 
tween the  east- 
ern and  the 
western  coasts  of  the  United  States.  On  the  east- 
ern coast  many  rivers  flow  down  gentle  slopes 
through  fertile  valleys  to  the  sea  and,  at  their 
mouths,  bays  and  sheltered  harbors  have  invited 
explorers  and  settlers  to  their  shores.  Along  the 
Pacific  Coast  runs  a  mountain  range,  low,  indeed, 
but  hugging  the  shore,  and  sending  out  rocky  spurs 
and  headlands  into  the  ocean.  Parallel  with  this 
Coast  Range  are  the  snow-capped  Sierras  in  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Cascade  Range  in  Oregon  and 


PORTLAND  AND  VICINITY 


20  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Washington,  crowned  with  high  volcanic  peaks 
that  rise  into  the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  Be- 
tween these  two  mountain  walls  lies  a  series  of 
valleys  running  north  and  south  all  the  way  from 
southern  California  to  the  forty-ninth  parallel.  You 
can  trace  this  "  inside  route  "  on  the  map,  —  the 
San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  Valleys  in  California, 
the  Rogue  and  the  Willamette  in  Oregon,  the 
Cowlitz  and  Puget  Sound  in  Washington.  This 
line  of  valleys  does  not  really  stop  with  the  Sound, 
but  continues  north  along  the  Alaskan  coast  be- 
hind the  protecting  islands  for  a  thousand  miles, 
forming  the  famous  "inside  passage"  that  offers 
the  most  wonderful  scenery  in  the  world  in  quiet 
waters.  In  all  this  stretch  of  two  thousand  miles 
from  southern  Alaska  to  southern  California,  there 
is  only  one  opening  east  and  west  across  the 
mountain  walls, — the  valley  of  the  Columbia 
River ;  and  at  the  crossroads  of  these  north-south 
and  east-west  valleys,  on  the  Willamette  River, 
twelve  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Columbia, 
lies  Portland. 

A  general  would  call  this  location  strategic, 
meaning  that  an  army  placed  at  such  a  cross- 
roads would  hold  the  key  to  the  situation ;  but 
we  may  use  the  word  in  speaking  of  the  com- 
merce and  development  of  the  city.  The  early 
pioneers  who  hewed  the  tall  firs  for  their  cabins 
at  this  point  on  the  Willamette  River  noted  with 
satisfaction  the  deep  water  just  where  the  river 


PORTLAND 


21 


Copyright.  1912,   Wnttcr  Co..  Portland. 

THE  CITY  OF  PORTLAND 
Mt.  Hood  is  shown  in  the  distance. 

takes  a  bend  to  the  northwest.  There  being  then 
no  railroads  and  few  wagon  roads,  it  was  neces- 
sary that  the  sailing  vessels,  which  brought  goods 
to  be  distributed  to  the  scattered  settlers  and  took 
away  cargoes  of  wheat  and  flour,  should  get  as 
far  inland  as  possible  to  save  the  cost  of  convey- 
ance. At  the  point  where  they  could  go  no  farther, 
Portland  was  founded,  the  only  city  of  the  North- 
west at  the  head  of  deep-sea  'navigation  and  on 
the  line  of  a  water  route  into  the  interior.  We 
shall  see  how  important  this  water  route  is. 

East  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  lies  a  vast  inland 
basin  comprising  parts  of  Oregon,  Washington, 


22  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Idaho,  and  British  Columbia,  a  region  once  con- 
sidered a  desert,  but  now  supporting  herds  of 
cattle  and  sheep,  and  raising,  in  a  single  year,  fifty 
million  bushels  of  wheat.  This  "  Inland  Empire," 
as  it  is  called,  is  thinly  peopled,  like  all  extensive 
wheat  and  grazing  areas,  so  we  know  that  the  vast 
quantity  of  food  products  it  raises  must  find  a 
market  elsewhere.  The  wheat  is  cut,  threshed, 
and  sacked  on  the  ranches,  and  sent  out  by  three 
routes,  one  leading  to  Spokane,  one  to  the  Puget 
Sound  cities,  and  the  third  through  the  Columbia 
Valley  to  Portland.  The  route  to  Portland  has  one 
advantage,  it  is  down  grade  all  the  way  to  the 
ocean,  whereas  trains  to  Puget  Sound  must  climb 
the  steep  mountain  grades. 

It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  therefore,  that 
Portland,  at  the  meeting-place  of  sea  and  inland 
communication,  is  a  great  exporter  of  wheat  to 
foreign  countries.  Ships  come  from  China  and 
Japan,  from  Liverpool,  from  South  America,  and 
from  the  coast  cities  of  the  United  States,  to  be 
loaded  with  wheat  and  flour.  Lumber  is  also  an 
article  of  export.  Some  of  the  most  beautiful  for- 
ests in  the  world  are  in  Oregon,  but  the  sawmills 
on  the  Willamette  and  on  other  rivers  are  mak- 
ing the  timber  into  boards  and  other  products  as 
fast  as  they  can,  and  a  time  will  surely  come  when 
these  magnificent  forests  will  be  a  thing  of  the 
past.  Fortunately  the  United  States  Government 
has  set  aside  certain  tracts,  known  as  "  Forest 


PORTLAND  23 

Reserves"  or  "National  Parks,"  which  are  to  be 
kept  free  from  the  ruthless  cutting  of  the  lumber- 
man and  to  serve  as  playgrounds  for  the  people. 

Portland  is  still  a  commercial  city.  Although  it 
has  developed  manufacturing  to  a  certain  extent,  it 
is  to-day  chiefly  a  market-place  where  the  products 
of  the  country — wheat,  lumber,  fruit,  and  hops  — 


ONE  OF  THE  GREAT  LUMBER  MANUFACTURING  PLANTS 

are  exchanged  for  furniture,  carpets,  hardware, 
machinery,  and  all  kinds  of  manufactured  goods 
from  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States,  and 
for  silk,  tea,  spices,  burlap,  etc.,  from  the  Orient. 
The  following  cuttings  from  a  Portland  daily  pa- 
per will  give  you  a  vivid  picture  of  the  destination 
of  some  of  the  products  of  Oregon. 


OREGON  APPLES  BRING 
TOP  PRICES  IN  GERMANY 

Writing  to  the  Portland  Commercial 
Club,  under  date  of  April  20,  a  fruit- 
dealing  firm  of  Hamburg,  Germany, 
advises  that  on  that  date  two  cars  of 
fancy  Newton  Pippins  from  Hood 
River  were  sold  for  from  18  to  20^ 
marks l  per  box.  These  are  top  prices, 
such  as  have  not  formerly  been  geen 
in  the  Hamburg  market  for  American 
apples.  The  Hamburg  dealer  writes 
that  this  sale  is  more  interesting  on 
account  of  the  fact  that  these  two 
cars  came  in  competition  with  the  first 
Australian  apples  of  the  new  crop,  but 
the  latter  could  not  equal  in  quality 
the  Oregon  product  and  accordingly 
brought  much  lower  prices. 

LINERS  WILL  LEAVE 

ABOUT  SAME  TIME 

Three  Oriental  Liners  will  be  leav- 
ing Portland  fairly  close  together  this 
month,  laden  with  Oregon  products 
which  will  be  valued  at  more  than 
$600,000.  The  trio  is  composed  of  the 
Norwegian  steamships  Henrik  Ibsen 
and  Hercules  and  the  British  steam- 
ship Orteric.  The  Henrik  Ibsen  will 
sail  for  Hong  Kong  and  way  ports 
Thursday,  and  she  will  have  aboard  a 
full  cargo  of  flour  and  wheat. 

The  Orteric  is  a  12,000  ton  carrier. 
After  taking  on  about  7,000  tons  of 
flour,  wheat,  and  lumber  here  (Port- 
land) she  will  go  to  Puget  Sound  to 
finish  loading. 

The  steamer  Yosemite  is  discharg- 
ing 12,000  sacks  of  cement  from  Cali- 
fornia ;  she  will  load  with  lumber  for 
San  Francisco.  The  Nippon  Maru  will 
leave  for  the  Orient  to-morrow  at  one 
o'clock.  The  cargo  is  a  heavy  one  and 
in  it  is  a  large  consignment  of  cotton 
for  the  Japanese  factories. 

1  One  mark  equals  twenty-five  cents  (nearly) 


PORTLAND  25 

It  must  be  plain  to  you  that  there  are  striking 
geographical  reasons  influencing  the  location  and 
growth  of  Portland,  and  that  the  Columbia  River 
is  playing  an  important  part  in  this  development. 
Though  the  tourist  who  sails  up  the  stream  is 
absorbed  mainly  in  its  magnificent  scenery,  the 
wooded  mountain-slopes  and  leaping  waterfalls, 
the  curiously  worn  rocks  and  the  novel  fish- 
wheels,  yet  he  would  be  dull,  indeed,  did  he  not 
become  aware  that  it  is  already  a  busy  com- 
mercial highway.  Long  trains  carry  freight  and 
passengers  between  the  Inland  Empire  and  the 
coast,  and  locks  and  canals  when  completed  will 


THE  LOWER  HARBOR 
Showing  a  large  fleet  of  wheat  vessels. 

enable  river  steamers  to  go  several  hundred  miles 
inland.  The  Columbia  is  developing  a  hinterland 
for  Portland  as  the  Hudson- Mohawk  Valley  and 
the  Great  Lakes  have  done  for  New  York,  yet 
the  most  hopeful  Oregonian  would  hardly  dare 
prophesy  that  the  Inland  Empire  will  ever  support 


26  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

so  dense  a  population  as  the  prairies  of  the  Middle 
West.   Can  you  tell  why? 

The  beginnings  of  Portland  were  simple.  A 
clearing  was  made  among  the  tall  firs  and  cedars, 
and  a  log  cabin  built  by  pioneers  from  New  Eng- 
land in  1844.  Before  long  some  one  built  a  store 
for  the  sale  of  the  incoming  cargoes,  roads  were 
made  into  the  interior,  other  houses  and  stores 
sprang  up,  more  ships  came,  and  before  long  there 
was  a  little  village  rising  on  the  gentle  slopes  of 
the  west  bank  of  the  Willamette.  The  story  goes 
that  the  builders  of  the  first  cabin  had  a  friendly 
dispute  over  the  name  of  the  town  that  was  to  be. 
The  man  from  Massachusetts  wanted  a  Boston  on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  the  native  of  Maine  wished  to 
call  the  town  Portland.  They  decided  the  question 
by  tossing  a  copper  cent,  —  head,  Portland  ;  tail, 
Boston.  "  Head  "  came  up  twice,  hence  Portland 
was  adopted  as  the  name  of  the  city.  It  has  a 
lovely  site  on  wooded  slopes  which  rise  gradually 
to  the  foot  of  the  Heights,  a  line  of  bluffs  run- 
ning parallel  to  the  river  and  rising  six  hundred 
feet  above  it.  From  these  wooded  headlands  which 
jut  into  the  valley,  one  gets  a  glorious  view  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  with  the  white  cones  of  Mount 
Hood  and  Mount  St.  Helens,  Mount  Adams,  and 
Mount  Jefferson,  rising  far  above  the  general  level 
of  the  range.  Below  is  the  Rose  City,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  embowered  in  trees  and  gardens. 
To  the  north  and  east  shine  the  tangled  waterways 


PORTLAND 


27 


of  the  Columbia,  while  on  the  south  the  Willamette 
issues  from  its  gardens  and  orchards.  The  poet 
Wordsworth  once  exclaimed  of  London  as  he 
viewed  it  from  the  Thames  in  the  early  morning, 
"  Earth  hath  not  anything  to  show  more  fair,'; 
and  the  people  of  Portland  surely  may  echo  this 
as  the  glory  of  valley  and  mountain  stand  revealed 
to  them  from  these  heights.  The  city  looks  its 
prettiest  in  June,  when  the  roses  are  in  bloom. 
Then  occurs  the  Rose  Festival,  processions  and 
floral  displays, 
land  and  water 
sports,  giving 
the  city  a  gala 
week.  During 
these  carnival 
days  citizens 
and  visitors  for- 
get that  Port- 
land is  a  big 
commercial  port, 
that  steamers 
come  to  it  from  every  part  of  the  world,  that  the 
steam  sawmills  are  cutting  its  trees  into  timber, 
and  that  the  falls  of  the  Willamette  are  grinding 
spruce  logs  into  pulp  and  paper  and  weaving  wool 
into  cloth. 

Strangers  who  come  to  Portland  during  the 
winter  and  spring  rainy  season  are  apt  to  think 
that  it  is  the  rainiest  place  in  the  world,  and  they 


AT  THE  ROSE  CARNIVAL 
Automobiles  and  carriages  gorgeously  decked  with 
roses   take   part  in  the  parades  at   this  annual 
event. 


28  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

are  not  a  little  astonished  to  find  that  its  yearly 
rainfall  is  really  only  about  as  much  as  that  of 
New  York  City.  It  is  true  that  Portland,  as  well 
as  all  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  Northwest,  does  not 
enjoy  so  many  clear  days  as  cities  in  other  parts 
of  the  United  States,  for  the  rain  falls  gently  a 
little  at  a  time.  Often  it  is  a  "dry  rain,"  meaning 
a  fine  mist  that  seems  not  to  bother  anyone ;  chil- 
dren play  in  it,  babies  do  not  mind  it,  and  the  cool 
dampness  brings  to  the  cheeks  roses  that  many  a 
dweller  in  sunnier  climes  might  envy.  There  is 
no  climate  that  is  perfect,  and  the  people  of  Port- 
land think  that  the  absence  of  severe  cold,  strong 
winds  and  blizzards,  and  the  bracing  cooln'ess  of 
the  summer,  make  .up  for  lack  of  sunshine.  Expe- 
rience alone  will  determine  whether  or  not  you 
agree  with  them. 

The  great  outdoors  is  spread  invitingly  before 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Rose  City.  For  long  holi- 
days, there  are  the  mountains  with  their  forests 
and  glaciers  and  their  steep  ascents  to  climb.  The 
river  entices  young  and  old;  along  its  banks  are 
anchored  house-boats  of  every  size  and  descrip- 
tion, and  through  its  shaded  windings  the  boy  and 
girl,  tired  of  school,  the  father  and  mother,  ready 
for  a  vacation,  can  find  joy  and  refreshment.  One 
of  the  poets  of  Oregon  has  expressed  the  affec- 
tion of  the  people  generally  for  their  river  in  the 
following  stanza; — • 


PORTLAND  29 

From  the  Cascade's  frozen  gorges, 
Leaping  like  a  child  at  play, 
Winding,  widening,  through  the  valley, 
Bright  Willamette  glides  away. 
Onward  ever  lovely  river, 
Softly  calling  to  the  sea, 
Time  that  scars  us,  maims,  and  mars  us, 
Leaves  no  track  or  trench  on  thee. 

S.  L.  SIMPSON. 


QUESTIONS    FOR    STUDY 

From  the  list  of  "Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the 
United  States  "  (Appendix,  page  204)  select  those  which 
are  on  rivers.  Which  are  at  or  near  the  junction  of  two 
rivers  ? 

Give  as  many  reasons  as  you  can  why  cities  are  located 
on  the  banks  of  rivers. 

Draw  a  plan  showing  the  location  of  Portland  at  the 
crossroads  of  commerce.  Make  this  as  complete  as  pos- 
sible with  names  of  rivers,  mountains,  and  land  and 
water  routes  of  travel.  Write  the  latitude  of  Portland  in 
margin  of  map.  What  city  of  France  is  at  a  crossroads  of 
travel  and  in  about  the  same  latitude  ?  Write  the  name 
of  this  city  in  the  margin  of  your  plan. 
Locate  the  city  for  which  Portland  was  named.  Find  out 
all  you  can  about  the  location,  climate,  population,  and 
commerce  of  each.  What  things  are  alike  about  these 
cities  ?  Write  this  in  the  lorm  of  a  composition  or  arrange 
it  in  chart  form  in  outline. 

On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States  or  the  Western 
States  color  in  red  the  "  Inland  Empire.''  Write  or  print 
carefully  the  names  of  the  states  composing  it  and  the 
rivers  flowing  through  it.  What  is  the  rainfall  of  this 
region?  (Consult  rainfall  map  of  the  United  States  in 
your  geography  textbook.) 


30  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

6.  What  cities  in  the  United  States  besides  Portland  export 
wheat  and  flour?  (Consult  question  8,  page  101,  for  your 
answer.) 

7.  Study  the  location  of  the  following  cities,  and  explain 
why  each  may  be  said  to  be  at  a  crossroads  of  commerce  : 
St.  Louis,  Omaha,    Honolulu,    St.  Paul,    Kansas   City, 
Chicago. 

8.  Make  up  five  good  questions  about  the  cities  referred  to 
in  Exercise  4,  to  test  the  knowledge  of  your  classmates. 

9.  Imagine  yourself  standing  on  the  heights  above  Portland 
on  a  clear  day.  Describe  your  view  of  the  city,  the  river, 
and  Mt.  Hood. 

10.  Write  a  composition  suggested  by  this  study  of  Portland. 
Call  it  "A  River  Town,"  or  choose  a  title  of  your  own. 
Write  about  any  river  town  you  like. 


EXERCISES    FOR   WORLD    REVIEW 

Locate  the  six  leading  wheat-producing  countries  given 
in  the  chart  below.  Consult  the  "Wheat  Harvest  Calen- 
dar" on  page  101  for  month  of  harvest  of  each.  Find 
out  if  rainfall  is  light,  moderate,  or  heavy,  and  if  these 
areas  are  thinly  or  thickly  peopled.  Give  export  town  of 
each  area.  Arrange  these  facts  in  a  chart  as  shown 
below.  (Consult  rainfall  and  population  maps  in  your 
geography  textbook.) 

Six  Leading  Wheat  Countries  of  World 


Countries 

Months  of  Harvest 

Rainfall 

Population 

Port 

United  States     .... 

France  

India     .... 

Austria-Hungary     .     .     , 
Italy  . 

PORTLAND  31 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Columbia  River?  Name  a  river 
in  each  continent  about  as  long.  (Consult  Appendix, 
page  208,  "  Some  Important  Rivers  of  the  World.") 
In  what  month  do  Oregon  apples  ripen  ?  Australian 
apples  ?  Which  is  farther  from  the  equator,  Portland  or 
Melbourne  ? 


SEATTLE 


bustling,  wide-awake  city  on  Puget 
Sound  has  already  begun  to  call  herself 
A       the   "Queen    City    of   the    Northwest." 
Perhaps  the  title  seems  a  bit   ambitious  for  so 
youthful  a  town,  but  her  situation  and  resources 
are  so  magnificent   that   they  cannot   but   rouse 
ambition.  You  must  think  of  Puget  Sound  as  a 

great  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  ex- 
tending south- 
ward into  the 
heart  of  Wash- 
ington. From 
the  main  body 
of  water  count- 
less arms,  deep 
enough  to  float 
sea-going  ships, 
reach  far  into 
the  land,  mak- 

Northern  Pacific;  the  Canadian  Pacific;  the  Great        \r\ry  «;afp  harhnrS 

Northern ;    the  Chicago,    Milwaukee,  and   Puget  " 

Sound;  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Ouincy.  free  fl"Om  ICQ  all 

the   year.    This 

splendid  body  of  water  is  the  front  door  of  Seattle, 
and  it  opens  wide  through  the  Fuca  Strait  to  the 
commerce  of  the  Pacific.  Northward  through  the 


SEATTLE  AND  VICINITV 
The    principal    railroads    entering  Seattle  are:  the 


SEATTLE 


33 


Georgian  Strait  an  "  inside  passage,"  where  ocean 
storms  are  unknown,  leads  to  the  ports  of  south- 
eastern Alaska  and  out  beyond  to  Valdez.  Four 
transcontinental  railroads  enter  the  back  door  of 
the  city  bringing  the  products  of  the  South,  East, 
and  Middle  West,  to  the  front  door  where  they  are 
exchanged  for  goods  from  over  the  seas.  Wheat 
and  flour  from 
the  u  Inland  Em- 
pire " *  and  the 
Middle  West, 
cotton  from  the 
South,  farming 
implements  from 
Illinois,  lumber 
from  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  steel 
beams  and  gird- 
ers from  Pitts- 
burgh, and  furni- 
ture, clothing, 

and  a  host  of  manufactured  goods  come  to  Seattle 
for  distribution  along  the  coast,  and  for  shipment 
to  Australia,  Alaska,  and  the  Orient.  Into  her 
open  door  come  coffee,  tea,  sugar,  silk,  mattings, 
spices,  hides,  hemp,  jute,  and  other  products  to  be 
distributed  among  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
Seattle,  therefore,  is  a  pivot  of  transportation ;  her 
doors  swing  outward  to  send  American  products 

1  See  the  chapter  on  Portland. 


THE  MINNESOTA 

The  largest  freight  and  passenger  steamer  sailing 
from  any  Pacific  port,  and  the  largest  steamer 
in  the  world  flying  the  American  flag.  She  is 
engaged  in  commerce  between  Seattle  and  the 
Orient. 


34  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

all  over  the  world  and  inward  to  receive  products 
from  the  other  side  of  the  globe.  It  is  this  passing 
and  repassing,  loading  and  unloading,  that  has 
built  up  the  city. 

Had  the  Goddess  of  Liberty,  twenty  or  thirty 
years  ago,  cast  her  eye  over  the  cities  which  brood 
under  her  protecting  arm,  she  might  without  dis- 
pute have  called  Seattle  her  ugly  duckling.  In 
appearance  this  young  city  was  awkward  and  un- 
gainly, for  the  pioneers  of  the  early  days  had  no 
time  to  think  of  a  City  Beautiful.  They  had  work 
enough  to  keep  the  sawmills  buzzing  and  to  pro- 
vide shelter  for  themselves  and  their  families. 
What  did  it  matter  to  them  that  there  was  hardly 
a  level  road  in  the  town,  or  that  their  ugly  frame 
houses  perched  at  all  sorts  of  angles  on  the  hills 
that  sloped  abruptly  to  the  sea?  They  served  for 
protection  from  storm,  and  as  for  the  long,  hard 
climb,  there  was  time  to  take  it  leisurely,  and  mus- 
cles were  strong  in  those  days.  Now  times  have 
changed.  The  old  fairy  story  has  repeated  itself  in 
history  and  the  ugly  duckling  is  turning  into  a 
beautiful  swan.  The  city  seems  to  float  lik'e  this 
graceful  bird  on  the  bosom  of  the  waters.  Its  west- 
ern shore  is  lapped  by  Puget  Sound ;  on  the  east 
parallel  with  the  Sound,  a  lovely  fresh-water  lake 
stretches  for  twenty  miles  ;  and  on  the  narrow  neck 
of  land  between  the  two  lies  Seattle,  already  push- 
ing beyond  the  peninsula  to  the  northward,  where 
there  is  room  enough  for  the  million  or  more 


SEATTLE 


35 


people  who  may  one  day  make  their  home  in  the 
Queen  City.  But  in  1852,  when  Yesler,  a  sturdy 
pioneer,  put  up  his  steam  sawmill  on  what  is  now 
Pioneer  Square,  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  there  was 
little  in  the  immediate  surround- 
ings to  encourage  him  to  dream 
dreams  of  a  future  metropolis.  Yet 
even  the  Indians  had  seized  upon 
its  advantages  of  location,  for  long 
before  the  foot  of  the  white  man 
had  broken  the  stillness  of  the  for- 
est aisles  thousands  of  Indians  used 
to  assemble  here  occasionally  for  a 
great  council.  It  was  easy  for  them 
to  come  by  forest  trail  and  canoe 
to  this  central  meeting-place.  They 
must,  however,  have  experienced 
difficulties  in  passing  the  peace- 
pipe,  for  Seattle  is  built  upon  twice 
seven  hills,  hills  that  might  almost  THE  TOTEM  POLE 

i  i     i          i  i    T^  r»  IN     PIONEER 

have  daunted  the  old  Romans.  But     SQUARE  i 
the  energetic  people  of  the  North- 
west never  hesitated.  They  cut  down  the  trees, 
built  houses,  schools.churches, stores,  and  libraries; 
then  suddenly  becoming  conscious  that  their  city 
of  to-day  was  but  a  beginning  of  that  of  the  future, 
they  went  to  work  to  make  it  over,  carrying  away 
the  hills,  at  least  in  the  business  section,  to  make 
fairly  level  grades  for  car  lines  and  heavy  teaming. 

1  This  Totem  Pole  was  brought  from  Alaska  and  is  a  memorial  of  a  race  rap 
idly  dying  out. 


36  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Since  we  began  to  dig  the  Panama  Canal  there 
has  been  a  good  deal  said  about  "  making  the  dirt 
fly."  In  Seattle  it  has  been  flying  at  a  prodigious 
rate,  but  without  much  noise.  The  process  has 
been  simple;  streams  of  water  through  a  giant 
nozzle  were  directed  against  the  hills,  the  clay  and 
gravel  melted  like  snow  in  a  January  thaw,  and 
were  led  through  pipes  to  the  mud  flats  south  of 
the  city,  where  new  streets  for  warehouses,  rail- 
road shops,  foundries,  and  factories  will  be  built. 
The  really  difficult  part  of  the  undertaking  was  to 
pay  for  the  work  and  to  preserve  the  beauty  of  the 
fine  buildings  whose  location  was  altered  because 
of  the  lowering  of  the  streets.  Houses  had  to  be 
propped  up  on  stilts,  and  for  the  time  being  the 
residents  climbed  up  and  down  by  ladders.  In  some 
places  buildings  were  moved  away  or  torn  down 
altogether.  In  1906,  there  stood  on  a  hill  over- 
looking the  Sound  one  of  the  best  hotels  in  the 
city.  It  was  taken  down,  the  hill  washed  away,  and 
two  years  later  a  massive  fourteen-story  hotel  had 
taken  its  place,  on  a  broad  level  street,  now  one 
of  the  finest  quarters  in  the  downtown  section. 
Such  rapid  changes  have  a  suspicion  of  witchcraft 
about  them,  even  to  those  who  watch  the  process, 
but  the  only  magic  used  has  been  the  determined 
spirit  of  the  citizens  and  the  skill  of  the  engineers 
employed.  It  was  the  same  combination  that  re- 
built Galveston  after  its  destruction  by  flood,  when 
the  Texas  city  had  to  be  raised  out  of  reach  of  the 


SEATTLE 


37 


THE  BUSINESS  PORTION  OF  SEATTLE 
The  Olympic  Mountains  are  shown  in  the  distance. 

angry  waters  that  now  and  then  sweep  over  the 
low  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  Galveston 
the  houses  were  lifted  up  on  stilts,  and  the  level  of 
the  city  raised  to  meet  them  ;  in  Seattle,  the  streets 
were  taken  away  from  the  houses,  and  founda- 
tions had  to  be  pieced  on  to  fill  the  yawning  gap. 
By  the  time  the  re-grading  of  the  city  is  finished 
nearly  34,000,000  cubic  yards  of  earth  will  have 
been  removed,  and  sixty  miles  of  narrow,  hilly 
streets  will  have  been  changed  into  sixty  miles  of 
broad,  level  thoroughfares,  an  accomplishment  of 
which  any  city  might  be  proud. 

Away  from  the  business  center  the  hills  fur- 


38  REPRESENTATIVE    CITIES 

nish  ideal  sites  for  homes  and  schools.  Which- 
ever way  one  turns  there  is  a  noble  prospect. 
Below  are  the  three  lovely  lakes  —  Washington, 
Union,  and  Green  —  with  their  irregular  wooded 
outline  and  encircling  boulevards,  and  beyond 
the  city's  limits  stand  the  somber  forests  which 
give  to  the  Evergreen  State  its  pretty  name.  On 
the  western  shore  of  the  Sound,  lively  with  sea- 
going craft  of  all  kinds,  the  Olympic  Mountains, 


SEATTLE  FROM  LAKE  WASHINGTON 
This  indicates  the  hilly  character  of  the  country 

a  line  of  jagged,  snowy  ramparts,  emerge  ghost- 
like from  a  low-lying  band  of  mist,  and  woo  the 
hardy  climber  to  try  their  unexplored  heights. 
Around  to  the  east  is  Mount  Baker,  the  last  sen- 
tinel of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  south  looms 
the  peak  about  which  no  one  can  speak  except  in 
extravagant  language.  Mount  Rainier,  its  silver 


SEATTLE 


39 


cone  furrowed  by  glaciers,  rises  almost  from  sea- 
level  to  a  height  of  14,526  feet,  a  majestic  peak, 
now  catching  the  radiance  of  the  sunset  glow,  now 


Copyright,  1903,  by  W.  P.  Roman*. 

MT.  RAINIER  FROM  LAKE  WASHINGTON 

disappearing   behind  clouds   of  mist  and  smoke 
that  too  often  dim  its  lovely  outline. 

To  see  the  city  at  its  fairest,  one  must  approach 
it  by  night  from  the  Sound.  Endless  rows  of  lights 
climb  the  hills,  outline  the  lakes,  and  reflect  their 
radiance  in  the  placid  waters,  till  the  spangled 
city  seems  like  a  bit  of  the  starry  heavens  let  down 
to  earth.  Few  cities  are  more  brilliantly  lighted, 
for  few  have  such  unlimited  advantages  for  water 
power.  The  streams  that  rush  from  their  moun- 
tain sources  leap  in  falls  and  rapids,  carrying  with 
them  great  possibilities  for  generating  electricity 
and  for  turning  mill  wheels.  Some  day  they  will 
all  be  harnessed  for  the  use  of  man;  as  yet,  this 
corner  of  our  country  has  scarcely  been  touched 


40  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

in  the  development  of  its  industries.  In  the  rocks 
lie  stores  of  coal,  iron,  and  copper,  the  inexhausti- 
ble Alaska  coal  fields  will  soon  be  opened,  and 
when  the  forests  shall  be  no  more,  the  state  will 
still  be  "evergreen"  because  the  fertile  soil  re- 
sponds so  quickly  to  the  toil  and  care  of  the 
farmer. 

Just  now  the  commerce  of  the  city  is  increasing 
by  leaps  and  bounds.  In  1896  the  first  regular  line 
of  steamships  ran  between  Seattle  and  Japan;  now 
there  are  five  different. companies  whose  steamers 
ply  between  these  ports  and  others  in  the  Pacific, 
carrying  cotton,  lumber,  and  flour.  Since  gold 
was  discovered  in  Alaska  in  1897,  the  United 
States  Assay  Office  in  Seattle  has  paid  $199,094,- 
871.05  for  gold  dust;  in  the  mean  time  the  people 
who  flocked  to  the  north  have  received  most  of 
the  necessaries  of  life  through  Seattle.  Upwards 
of  ten  vessels  a  week  leave  for  Alaska  during  the 
summer  months,  and  the  departure  of  the  first 
ship  for  Nome  in  the  spring  is  such  an  event  that 
a  large  crowd  always  gathers  on  the  dock  to  speed 
it  on  its  way.  Beside  these  lines  of  trade  there 
are  regular  sailings  from  Seattle  to  Hamburg  via 
South  America,  as  well  as  steamers  going  to  Ha- 
waii, to  Mexico,  and  to  towns  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
of  the  United  States  and  of  British  Columbia. 

Probably  by  this  time  you  think  Seattle  spells 
Opportunity  as  well  as  Pleasure  for  its  citizens 
and  for  those  who  seek  a  new  country  under  the 


SEATTLE  41 

old  flag.  Few  who  come  are  disappointed.  After 
they  grow  accustomed  to  the  gray  days  and  rains 
of  winter,  they  cease  to  envy  their  brothers  in  the 
East  who  are  wading  through  the  snow  and  slush 
of  city  streets  and  country  roads.  It  might  better 
be  said  there  is  no  winter  or  summer  as  most  of 
us  know  these  seasons ;  no  day  in  July  and  August 


THE  GREAT  NORTHERN  DOCKS 

At  these  docks  the  "  Minnesota"  and  other  great  steamships  load  and  unload 
their  immense  cargoes. 

is  too  warm,  nor  one  in  January  and  February 
too  cold.  Boys  and  girls  can  never  coast  down 
the  long  hijls,  but  they  can  enjoy  outdoor  sports 
nearly  every  day  in  the  year,  and  for  the  long 
holidays  there  are  the  mountain  playgrounds 
with  their  glaciers,  waterfalls,  and  lovely  meadows 
starred  with  flowers.  If  you  have  never  been  to 
Seattle,  do  not  forget  to  go.  If  you  stay  long 


42  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

enough,  you  will  be  certain  to  catch  her  spirit  of 
ambition,  and  will  be  willing  to  call  her  by  the 
name  she  aspires  to  fulfill  —  the  Queen  City  of 
the  Northwest. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

1.  Learn  the  location  of  each  place  mentioned  in  this  chap- 
ter. 

2.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States  locate  Seattle. 
Trace  the  railroad  route  from  your  home  to  Seattle.  Use 
2.  colored  pencil  to  draw  this  route  and  try  to  make  the 
map  attractive  with  neat  printing  or  writing.  Print  names 
of  States  crossed. 

3.  Compare  the  winter  and  the  summer  temperatures  and 
rainfall  of  Seattle  and  your  town.  What  differences  can 
you  think  of  between  your  winter  life  and  that  of  boys 
and  girls  in  Seattle  ? 

4.  What  kinds  of  trees  grow  on  the  Cascade  Mountains? 
How  do  they  compare  in  kind  and  size  with  those  around 
your. home  ? 

5.  Tell   about  the  surroundings  of   your  home.    Are  they 
hilly  or  level?  If  you  have  not  a  mountain  like  Mount 
Rainier,  perhaps  you  have  a  river,  lake,  or  bay.    Tell 
about  it. 

6.  How  high  is  Mount  Rainier  ?  Have  you  seen   a  moun- 
tain as  high  ?  Where  ? 

7.  From  the  list  of  famous  mountain  peaks  in  the  Appendix 
select  those  which  you  have  heard  of.  Which  are  higher 
than  Mount  Rainier?  which  are  lower?    Which  are  fre- 
quently climbed  ? 

8.  In  what  direction  from  Seattle  are  the  Olympic  Moun- 
tains ?  the  Cascades  ?  What  similarity  do  you  find  between 
Mount  Hood  and  Mount  Rainier? 

9.  Examine  the  pictures  in  this  chapter  and  tell  about  the 
beautiful  surroundings  of  the  city. 


SEATTLE  43 

10.  What  necessaries  of  life  do  the  people  of  Alaska  order 
through  Seattle  ? 

11.  How  long  would  it  take  to  go  from  Chicago  to  Seattle, 
traveling  forty-five  miles  an. hour?  From  Seattle  to  San 
Francisco  ? 


EXERCISES  FOR  WORLD  REVIEW 

1.  Compare  Puget  Sound  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  as 
to  — 

(a)  location ; 

(b)  countries  bordering ; 

(c)  straits  leading  to; 

(d)  rivers  emptying  into ; 

(e)  cities. 

2.  After  studying  this,  answer  the  following  questions  : 

1.  Which  of  the  two  bodies  of  water  has  more  coun- 
tries touching  it? 

2.  Which  is  farther  north  ? 

3.  Which  has  more  rivers  emptying  into  it  ? 

4.  Which  has  more  cities  located  on  it  ? 

5.-  What  languages  does  one  hear  spoken  around 
each? 

3.  Try  to  find  out  what  early  explorers  visited  Puget  Sound, 
and  when. 

4.  Compare  Seattle  and  Genoa  as  to  — 

(a)  location  ; 

(b)  population  —  nationality,  size  ; 

(c)  rainfall  —  in  which  season  has  each  its  rainfall? 

(d)  exports. 

Write  this  in  four  paragraphs. 


DENVER,  THE   CITY    IN    THE 
WILDERNESS 

IN  every  one  of  the  cities  you  have  thus  far 
studied,  you  have  found  some  particular  fea- 
tures of  location  or  surroundings  that  have 
made  that  city  different  from  all  the  others.   This 
is  true  of  Denver  in  a  remarkable  decree.  Let  us 

d? 

see  what  some  of  these  characteristics  are  that 
entitle  Denver,  the  "City  in  the  Wilderness,"  to 
bear  the  proud  title  of  "  Queen  City  of  the  Plains." 
If  you  will  turn  over  the  pages  of  this  book  and 
glance  at  the  maps  showing  the  location  of  the 
different  cities,  you  will  find  that  Denver  is  the 
only  one  that  is  not  situated  on  a  large  body  of 
water.  Indeed,  if  it  were  not  for  Denver,  you  might 
be  inclined  to  suppose  that  in  order  .to  rise  to  im- 
portance, a  city  must  be  on  some  large  bay  or  lake 
or  river.  But  here  is  Denver,  in  the  heart  of  a  vast 
continent,  a  thousand  miles  from  any  ocean,  with 
only  the  small  stream  of  the  South  Platte,  flat  and 
shallow  as  its  name  suggests,  touching  its  out- 
skirts. No  bold  explorer  ever  sailed  up  the  stream 
to  found  a  colony  on  its  sandy  margin.  No  rich 
cargo  ever  floated  through  its  tangled  channels 
across  the  desert  waste  to  the  Mississippi  River. 
Still,  though  this  river  is  insignificant  in  com- 
merce, and  not  to  be  named  with  the  Hudson,  the 


DENVER 


45 


Ohio,  or  the  Savannah,  it  had  an  influence,  as  you 
will  see,  in  determining  the  location  of  the  city,  and 
from  it  comes  part  of  the  city's  water  supply ;  so 
that  Denver  is  a  river  town,  though  in  a  different 
class  from  New  York  or  Pittsburgh  or  Savannah. 
In  the  second  place,  you  must  think  of  Denver 
as  having  been  created  by  man  out  of  a  wilder- 
ness, not  by  the  wave  of  a  magic  wand  like  Gary, 
but  by  patient,  unremitting  toil  during  the  last 
half-century.  In  the  mad  hunt  for  gold,  when 


DENVER  AND  ITS  SURROUNDINGS 

The  principal  railroads  entering  Denver  are:  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fe  ;  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  ;  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  ; 
the  Union  Pacific;  and  the  Denver  and  Northwestern  Pacific. 

miners  and  adventurers  were  busy  washing  the 
gravels  of  the  mountain  streams  as  they  began 
their  slow  journey  across  the  Plains,  no  large 
quantities  of  the  precious  metal  were  found  in  the 


46  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

sands  of  the  South  Platte  and  its  tributaries ;  but 
where  the  little  Cherry  Creek  joins  the  river,  a 
group  of  cottonwood  trees  offered  a  bit  of  firewood 
and  grateful  shade  from  the  desert  glare,  and  here 
in  1858  were  built  some  miners'  cabins  which  after- 
ward became  the  nucleus  of  Denver.  How  unlikely 
did  it  seem  in  those  days  that  a  great  metropolis 
would  ever  replace  those  rough  cabins!  Except 
for  the  narrow  fringe  along  the  river,  all  around 
was  desert.  The  cactus  flourished  in  the  sand  and 
herds  of  buffalo  passed  by  in  search  of  food  and 
water.  There  seemed  nothing  to  attract  one  to 
make  a  home  in  this  wilderness.  In  1820,  Major 
Long  had  crossed  the  spot  where  Denver  now 
stands  and  had  reported  to  the  Government  at 
Washington  that  this  part  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase would  be  valuable  to  the  United  States 
chiefly  as  a  barrier  to  prevent  population  from 
spreading  too  far  west;  and  in  1838,  Daniel  Web- 
ster opposed  establishing  a  post  route  across  these 
plains,  saying,  "  To  what  use  could  we  ever  hope 
to  put  these  deserts,  or  these  endless  mountain 
ranges  covered  with  perpetual  snow?  What  use 
have  we  for  such  a  country!  Mr.  President,  I  will 
never  vote  one  cent  from  the  Public  Treasury  for 
such  a  purpose."  So  for  many  years  the  Great 
American  Desert,  as  it  was  called,  lay  untouched ; 
but  the  soil  was  not  dead,  only  sleeping,  waiting, 
like  the  little  maid  in  the  fairy  tale,  for  the  touch 
which  should  waken  it  into  life.  This  came  with 


DENVER  47 


A  VIEW  FROM  THE  DOME  OF  THE  CAPITOL 

the  gold-diggers.  Along  with  them  came  the  man 
who  loved  the  soil.  His  results,  when  he  poured 
the  cooling  waters  from  the  snow-clad  mountains 
on  his  barren  acres,  were  startling,  there  was  so 
much  energy  in  this  new  soil.  When  he  suc- 
ceeded, others  followed.  The  Government  helped  ; 
reservoirs  and  dams  were  built  in  the  mountains, 
and  aqueducts  and  canals  now  lead  water  across 
gulches  and  ravines  to  the  thirsty  soil  of  the  Plains. 
To-day,  the  fertile  valley  of  the  South  Platte  has 
become  a  garden,  and  to  the  south  of  Denver  are 
acres  of  blossoming  orchards,  melon  patches,  and 
celery  trenches,  bearing  in  such  abundance  that 
their  harvests  are  sent  far  beyond  the  confines  of 
the  State  of  Colorado. 

Besides  its  desert  surroundings,  there  were  other 
drawbacks  to  the  steady  growth  of  Denver  into  the 
Queen  City.  In  the  years  following  the  discovery 


48  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

of  gold  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  many  rival  towns 
sprang  up  in  the  vicinity  of  Denver  and  seriously 
threatened  its  existence.  There  was  Golden,  fif- 
teen miles  to  the  west,  nearer  to  the  mountain 
towns  of  Georgetown  and  Central  City,  with  a 
promising  and  beautiful  location  at  the  mountain 
gateway  leading  to  the  mining  camps.  For  five 
years  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Colorado  Territory, 
and  when  the  railroads  were  planned  across  Col- 
orado, it  seemed  at  one  time  as  though  Denver 
were  to  be  sidetracked  in  favor  of  this  ambitious 
little  rival.  These  were  dark  days  for  Denver. 
Many  people  became  so  disheartened  because  of 
its  poor  prospects  that  they  left  the  city  and  took 
their  business  elsewhere.  Fortunately  there  were 
plucky  and  intelligent  citizens  who  felt  sure  the 
town  was  rightly  located.  Far  enough  from  the 
mountains  not  to  be  hampered  in  its  growth,  it 
was  yet  near  enough  the  mountain  passes  and 
opening  valleys  to  serve  as  a  base  of  supplies  for 
the  mining  camps  and  as  a  distributing  center  for 
their  products.  By  sheer  force  of  determination, 
these  men  made  it  possible  for  the  railroads  to 
come  to  Denver,  so  that  from  the  year  1870  to  the 
present  there  has  been  no  halt  in  its  progress. 

But  Denver  has  a  third  distinction,  and  this 
one  sets  it  far  above  all  rivals.  Perched  far  above 
the  low  plains  and  valleys  where  most  of  us  live, 
it  has  the  highest  elevation  of  any  town  of  its  size 
and  importance  in  the  world.  How  proud  the  city 


DENVER 


49 


TflE  COLORADO  STATE  CAPITOL  AT 
DENVER 


is  of  its  lofty  perch !  On  one  of  the  steps  of  the 
entrance  to  the  Capitol  is  a  bronze  plate,  "  One 
mile  above  sea-level,"  and  in  bold  type  the  leading 
newspaper  announces  that  their  building  is  "Just 
one  mile  above 
sea-level. "What 
clear  pure  air 
must  fill  the 
lungs  of  the 
Denverboysand 
girls!  Do  you 
not  envy  them 
their  walk  to 
school  every 
morning,  with 
the  blue  Colo- 
rado sky  above  them  and  the  fresh  breeze  from 
the  snowy  mountains  fanning  their  cheeks?  If 
pure  air  and  plenty  of  it  were  all  that  is  needed 
to  warrant  a  long  life,  we  might  expect  these  boys 
and  girls  to  live  to  be  as  old  as  did  Methuselah. 

Because  of  its  location  so  high  in  the  air,  Denver 
has  another  distinction,  —  that  of  getting  along 
with  less  rainfall  than  the  majority  of  cities  of 
the  United  States;  but  it  does  so  well  with  fif- 
teen inches  a  year  that  its  lawns  are  as  smooth 
and  green  as  those  in  rainier  sections,  and  its  trees 
and  shrubbery  do  not  fall  far  behind  those  of  the 
beautiful  New  England  towns  from  which  so 
many  Denver  people  come.  There  are  some  bless- 


50  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

ings  in  a  land  of  little  rain.  It  must  be  delight- 
ful not  to  have  gray  skies  interfere  with  a  picnic 
or  a  tramp  among  the  mountains.  What  a  sharp 
contrast  there  must  be  between  the  rainy  win- 
ters of  the  Northwest  and  the  cloudless  days  of 
December  and  January  in  Colorado !  This  dry 
air  has  an  invigorating  quality  about  it  that  acts 
like  a  tonic.  People  are  strong  and  energetic  and, 
as  you  have  seen,  they  are  not  afraid  to  face  diffi- 
culties. Being  so  far  from  any  ocean,  the  air  is 
free  from  fog.  Often  it  is  so  clear  that  the  moun- 
tains many  miles  away,  tempt  the  stranger  like  an 
easy  walk.  Then,  too,  though  summer  days  are 
often  warm,  summer  nights  are  cool  enough  to 
make  a  blanket  acceptable. 

Perhaps  you  are  wondering  how  it  is  possible 
to  have  lawns  and  beautiful  trees  and  vines  in  a 
city  where  for  weeks  and  months  at  a  time  little 
rain  falls.  It  is  no  easy  matter.  To  keep  the  grass 
green  and  the  garden  flourishing  requires  the  com- 
bined efforts  of  all  the  family.  No  one  grumbles 
over  this  work,  however,  for  everybody  in  Denver 
takes  a  great  interest  in  making  the  city  attrac- 
tive and  pleasant  to  live  in.  This  is  evident  from 
the  fact  that  for  several  years,  on  Arbor  Day,  the 
city  gave  trees  to  all  who  cared  enough  to  come 
and  get  them.  As  many  as  sixteen  thousand  trees 
were  distributed  one  year.  What  a  pretty  proces- 
sion that  must  have  been  — men  and  women,  boys 
and  girls,  each  bearing  a  tree  with  which  to  make 


DENVER  51 

his  home  attractive !  This  enthusiasm  for  beauti- 
fying the  city  is  felt  throughout  Colorado;  the 
whole  State  takes  pride  in  its  capital  city.  Its 
streets  are  clean  and  spacious  and  beautifully 
lighted,  and  on  Capitol  Hill  the  State  has  placed 
a  superb  building  where  its  laws  are  made  and 
administered  and  its  affairs  regulated.' 

But  it  is  not  only  because  it  is  the  capital  city 
that  the  people  of  Colorado  look  to  Denver.  It  is 
the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  State,  and  is  rap- 
idly growing  into  a 
busy  manufacturing 
center.    Because  of 
its  central 'position, 
Denver  did  a  large 
business  in  the  early 
days    in    carrying 
supplies  to  the  min- 
ing   camps.     When 
the  wagons  that  car- 
ried in  food, machin- 
ery, and  other  neces- 
saries returned,  they 
came  out  laden  with 
the  precious  ores,— 
gold,silver,  and  lead.         ^^"X^y*™  °N 
With  plenty  of  coal 

near  at  hand,  what  could  be  more  natural  than 
to  smelt  the  lead  and  silver  in  this  convenient 
distributing  center.  So  smelting,  in  which  the 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


ONE  OF  THE  GREAT  £MELTERS 

Where  the  ore,  after  mining,  is  separated  from  the  rock,  and  freed  from 
impurities. 

worthless  earth  is  separated  from  the  ore,  became 
one  of  the  earliest  industries  of  Denver.  Then 
machine  shops  for  the  repairing  and  making  of 
mining  machinery  were  established,  for  Denver 
was  far  from  Eastern  cities  and  the  transporting 
of  heavy  machinery  was  expensive;  it  would  be 
cheaper  to  make  it  where  there  was  a  demand  for 
it.  A  food  supply  was  a  necessity.  Why,  then, 
send  cattle  and  sheep  to  Kansas  City  to  be  slaugh- 
tered ?  We  are  not  surprised,  therefore,  to  find  that 
meat-packing  is  an  industry  of  Denver,  and  that 
flour  and  grist  mills  and  wheat  elevators  make  the 
sky-line  of  the  city  irregular.  As  railroads  multi- 
plied and  ease  of  transportation  was  secured,  the 
people  of  the  interior  mountain  towns,  as  well  as 


DENVER  53 

those  scattered  far  and  wide  across   the   Plains, 
began  to  rely  on  Denver  for  all  kinds  of  supplies. 
This  dependence  is  rapidly  growing.  Coal  is  plen- 
tiful  and  easy  to   bring   to  the  city,  and  in  the 
streams  that  rush  through   narrow  canyons  and 
leap  over  rocky 
ledges     in     the 
foothills     and 
mountains 
there   is  unlim- 
ited  power  for 
many  kinds   of 
manufacturing. 
Where  trans- 
portation   is 
easy,    markets 
convenient,  and 
raw  material  at 
hand,  manufac- 
tures will  flourish  ;  and  where  living  is  as  pleasant 
as  in  Denver,  people  who  come  will  like  to  stay. 
Denver  is  one  of  the  four  great  distributing  points 
on  a  great  east-west  line  across  the  United  States 
—  New  York,  Chicago,  Denver,  San  Francisco.  As 
you  look  on  the  map  of  the  United  States  and  note 
the  position  of  these  cities,  you  will  be  impressed 
with  the  importance  of  that  of  Denver —  with  one 
hand  stretched  out  to  the  vast  plains,  she  gathers, 
by  means  of  the  converging  railroads,  the  wealth 
that  man  has  wrested  from  the  apparently  barren 


THE  NEW  "GULF-TO-SOUND  ROUTE" 
OF  THE  SYSTEM  OF  RAILROADS  IN 
THE  NORTHWEST 


54  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

soil;  with  the  other  hand  she  gathers  the  rich  toll 
of  the  mountains,  gold,  silver,  lead,  coal;  all  these 
products  are  sent  north,  south,  east,  and  west  in 
exchange  for  luxuries  and  necessities  from  other 
centers.  There  are  other  avenues  of  trade  also 
opening  to  Denver;  it  is  about  to  become  a  great 
Halfway  House  on  a  route  linking  the  Northwest 
with  the  Southeast.  On  the  Gulf-to-Sound  Rail- 
way from  Galveston  to  Seattle,  Denver  will  be  a 
strategic  point.  By  this  route  the  cotton  of  the 
South  will  be  sent  to  Seattle  for  shipment  to 
Yokohama  and  Hong  Kong,  and  grain  from  the 
Inland  Empire  will  find  new  markets  along  the 
South  and  East.  Who  can  foretell  what  her  posi- 
tion on  this  new  route  will  mean  to  Denver?  It 
seems  as  if  the  city  were  the  very  creation  of  the  rail- 
roads. How  appropriate,  therefore,  is  the  greeting 
that  the  city  gives  to  all  those  who  enter  her  gates. 
As  the  newcomer  passes  at  night  out  of  the  por- 
tals of  the  Union  Station,  he  is  astonished  to  see 
the  greeting  "  Welcome"  pricked  out  in  dazzling 
lights  above  a  beautiful  bronze  archway  under 
which  he  must  pass  into  the  brilliantly  lighted 
streets.  When  he  leaves  the  "City  in  the  Wilder- 
ness," he  is  even  more  astonished  to  see  "  Mizpah  " 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Welcome  Arch.  This  is 
the  Denver  spirit  of  hospitality,  and  the  visitor 
is  convinced  that  it  adds  another  to  the  already 
great  number  of  the  city's  attractions. 


DENVER  55 

QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

1.  Write  in  a  column  the  names  of  all  the  Representative 
Cities  and  opposite  each  the  body  of  water  on  which  it  is 
located,  and  the  State  it  is  in. 

2.  In  the  above  exercise,  mark  with  a  star  those  cities  which 
are  capitals. 

3.  Examine  the  picture  and  tell  in  what  ways  the  location  of 
Golden  is  more  beautiful  than  that  of  Denver.  What  ad- 
vantages do  you  see  in  Denver's  location  ? 

4.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  United   States,  locate  the  four 
great  distributing  points  mentioned  in  the  text.  Under- 
line each,  and  write  the  distances  between  them. 

5.  Consult  the  following  "  Table  of  Distances  "  and  find  how 
many  miles  it  is  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco.   How 
far   must  the    Senator  from    Colorado  travel   to  attend 
Congress  at  Washington  ?    What  is   the  distance  from 
Seattle  to  Galveston  via  Denver  on  the  Gulf-to-Sound 
Railway  ? 

Distances  from  Denver  by  Shortest  Route 

New  York,  1960  miles  St.  Paul,  886  miles 

Washington,  D.  C.,  1814     "  San  Francisco,  1377     " 

Chicago,  1047     "  Seattle,  1595     " 

Galveston,  1133     "  Atlanta,  1538    " 

6.  How  many  feet  is  Denver  above  sea-level  ?  How  does 
this  compare  with  the  elevation  of  your  home? 

7.  Do   you    celebrate  Arbor    Day  where   you    live?   How? 
Would  it  be  a  good  plan  for  your  home  town   to  adopt 
the  Denver  idea  for  that  day? 

8.  Give  as   many  as  possible  of   the  distinct   features  of 
Denver. 

EXERCISES    FOR   WORLD   REVIEW 

i.  How  many  and  which  of  the  "Twenty-five  Largest  Cities 
of  the  World  "  are  located  at  sea-level  ? 


56  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

2.  What  reasons  can  you  give  for  the  fact  that  most  of  the 
great  cities  of  the  world  are  thus  situated  ? 

3.  What  two  mining  towns  in  South  Africa  are  situated  on  a 
high  plain  ?    What  similarity  do  you  find   between   the 
rainfall  of  these  towns  and  that  of  Denver  ?  Which  has 
more  routes  of  travel  converging  on  it  ? 

4.  State  the  chief  facts  of  location  of  these  three  towns. 
Give  reasons  for  the  location  of  each. 


NEW  ORLEANS,  THE   CRESCENT 
CITY 


r  I  "^HE  boy  or  girl  who  visits  New  Orleans 
I  for  the  first  time  will  probably  spend 

A  many  hours  along  the  levees  that  skirt 
the  curving  river  front.  What  delicious  whiffs  will 
come  to  him  from  the  coarse  brown  bags  of  sugar 
and  the  barrels  of  molasses  ranged  in  orderly 
rows  on  the  levee!  If  he  has  a  sweet  tooth,  let 
him  search  for  a  crack  from  which  he  can  sample 
the  syrup  as  it  oozes  from  the  barrel.  Not  so  very 
long  ago  this  was  a  favorite  pastime  of  the  black 
pickaninnies  who  loafed  here  in  the  hot  after- 
noons, for  in  those  days  the  cargoes  lay  exposed 
to  sun  and  rain,  only  the  perishable  freight  being 
covered  with  tarpaulins.  Now  there  are  over  two 
miles  of  well-built  steel  sheds  in  which  cargoes 
are  housed  while  waiting  to  be  shipped.  These 
sheds  are  being  rapidly  extended,  and  with  their 
advent  has  disappeared  much  of  the  lazy  pictur- 
esque life  that  gave  an  added  charm  to  the  Cres- 
cent City.  Life  is  still  leisurely  enough,  however, 
that  the  visitor  need  not  feel  he  is  in  the  way  as 
he  strolls  along. 

The  river  is  low  in  December,  and  as  the  ships 
are  moored  alongside  instead  of  bow  on,  it  is  easy 
to  get  an  intimate  view  of  life  on  board  an  ocean 


58  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

freighter  in  port.  The  officer  who  is  on  duty  is 
glad  to  talk  with  anyone  interested  in  his  boat  and 
cargo,  and  we  are  near  enough  for  the  conversa- 
tion to  be  quite  friendly.  Here  is  an  English  boat 
from  Liverpool  manned  by  an  odd-looking  crew, 
men  with  brown  skin,  silky  black  hair,  and  fea- 
tures like  our  own.  They  wear  gold  rings  in  their 


THE  NEW  ORLEANS  WATER  FRONT 
Showing  the  new  steel  sheds,  the  levees,  and  the  river  boats. 

ears  and  red  caps,  but  they  are  short  and  slight 
and  speak  a  language  we  do  not  understand.  The 
mate  tells  us  they  are  East  Indians. 

"  Why  does  an  English  ship  have  an  East  In- 
dian crew?"  we  ask. 

"  Because  they  are  cheap,"  is  his  brief  reply. 

We  find  the  ship  brought  many  thousand  pounds 


NEW   ORLEANS  59 

of  sacking  from  Calcutta.  Manila  hemp,  the  mate 
says,  is  made  into  fiber,  woven  into  bags,  and 
shipped  to  New  Orleans. 

"  What  need  is  there  for  so  many  bags,  and  why 
don't  we  make  our  own  from  Kentucky  hemp?" 
we  ask. 

"  I  '11  answer  the  last  question  first,"  the  mate 
replied.  "They  can  be  made  cheaper  over  there 
than  in  your  country,  where  you  pay  your  working- 
man  good  wages  and  do  not  let  him  work  more 
than  ten  hours  a  day.  As  for  the  other  question, 
—  look  around  you.  Those  big  bags  are  filled  with 
rice,  these  with  sugar;  then  there  is  the  sacking 
for  the  cotton  bales,  and  much  of  the  coffee  that 
comes  to  New  Orleans  is  re-sacked  for  distribu- 
tion. It  is  a  big  item  of  import,  this  hempen  stuff; 
75,000,000  pounds  come  every  year  to  this  port." 

There  is  no  need  to  ask  what  the  mate's  ship 
carries  back  to  Liverpool,  for,  as  we  talk,  we  watch 
the  cranes  lower  cotton  bales  into  the  hold.  All 
the  fall  and  winter  and  on  into  spring,  the  cotton 
stream  passes  down  the  Mississippi  and  across  the 
Atlantic,  one  solid,  steady  flow  until  it  reaches  the 
English  Channel,  where  it  divides,  radiating  to 
Manchester,  Havre,  Antwerp,  Hamburg,  and  St. 
Petersburg.  That  boat  in  mid-stream  is  a  French 
freighter  getting  up  steam  to  go  down  the  river. 
It  came  over  empty  with  water  as  ballast,  but  is 
taking  back  cotton  for  the  spinning  mills  of  Rouen. 

Beyond  are  two  ships  from  Glasgow  that  rouse 


60  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

our  interest  to  the  pitch  of  excitement.  Can  we 
believe  our  eyes?  In  the  high  prows  are  carved 
figureheads,  such  as  we  have  read  about  in  story- 
books. Who  is  the  kingly  looking  fellow  wear- 
ing a  gold  crown  and  carrying  in  his  hand  a 
trident  to  show  his  power  over  the  waves  ?  Good 
old  Neptune,  you  are  far  away  from  your  home  in 
Mediterranean  waters,  but  apparently  you  are  not 
at  all  concerned  about  it.  The  other  figure  is  that 
of  a  rosy-cheeked,  buxom  lady  leaning  far  out  over 
the  waves;  evidently  salt  water  baths  agree  with 
her.  What  a  glorious  life,  to  dip  into  the  sea  froth, 
and  to  arise  with  cheeks  glowing  from  exercise! 
We  linger  long  about  these  prows,  for  Romance 
has  cast  a  spell  over  humdrum  life  and  we  are 
loath  to  break  it. 

Another  day  a  boat  from  the  Gold  Coast  of 
Africa  ties  up  at  the  wharf.  It  has  brought  ma- 
hogany, and  will  return  to  Liverpool  with  cotton, 
and  oak  staves  for  barrels.  The  fragrant  red  lum- 
ber lies  on  the  low  land  back  of  the  protecting 
levee.  By  dint  of  many  questions  we  learn  that 
10,000,000  feet  of  mahogany  come  to  New  Orleans 
every  year,  the  greater  part  from  across  the  Gulf, — 
from  Mexico,  Honduras,  and  Costa  Rica.  Some 
of  it  is  made  into  "antique  furniture"  in  New 
Orleans,  but  Grand  Rapids,  Chicago,  New  York, 
and  San  Francisco  get  many  carloads,  and  many 
of  the  finest  logs  are  re-shipped  to  Copenhagen, 
Stockholm,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Liverpool. 


NEW   ORLEANS 


61 


Under  cover  of  one  of  the  steel  sheds  is  a  banner 
cargo  of  coffee  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Santos. 
One  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  bags  arrived 
one  December  morning,  and  it  took  nearly  two 


RIVER  BOATS  AT  THE  LEVEE 

These  boats  carry  all  sorts  of  freight  up  and  down  stream.     Note  the  high 
roomy  deck  for  passengers  and  the  long  gang-planks. 

weeks  to  unload  the  vessel.  This  cargo  filled  two 
hundred  cars,  making  eight  trainloads,  all  of  it 
going  to  the  Middle  West  to  compete  with  that 
entering  by  way  of  New  York.  As  there  are  gen- 
erally one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  pounds  in  a 
bag,  you  can  figure,  if  you  like  to  do  sums,  what 
proportion  of  this  cargo  your  family  consumed  in 
a  year. 

But  it  is  as  a  banana  port  that  New  Orleans  is 
especially  noted,  more  bananas  entering  here  than  at 


62 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


any  other  port  in  the  world,  and  the  unloading  of  a 
banana  steamer  always  draws  an  interested  crowd. 
About  12,000,000  bunches  were  landed  here  in  a 
recent  year,  chiefly  from  Honduras,  Costa  Rica, 
Bluefields,  and  Panama.  The  largest  steamer  of  the 
United  Fruit  Company  can  carry  60,000  to  70,000 
bunches.  Everything  possible  has  been  done  to 
dispatch  the  unloading  of  these  steamers.  They  are 

moored  under 
curious  tall  yel- 
low structures 
called  "  Banana 
Conveyors," 
which  have  high 


& 
elevator.    From 

the  conveyor 
swings  an  end- 
less chain  of 

A  BANANA  CONVEVOK  pockets        which 

goes  down  into 

the  hold  and  up  through  the  conveyor  to  the 
deck.  As  fast  as  the  chain  turns,  the  pockets  are 
filled  and  rise  into  the  sheds,  where  negroes  in 
long  files  stand  ready  to  carry  the  bananas  into 
the  cars  waiting  alongside.  It  is  a  pretty  sight, 
the  masses  of  green  fruit  on  the  shoulders  of  the 
bronze  porters  bearing  them  to  the  cool  darkness 
of  the  car.  As  soon  as  one  car  is  filled,  it  is  shunted 


NEW   ORLEANS  63 

to  a  siding ;  and  when  a  train  is  made  up,  it  has 
the  right  of  way  over  all  other  fast  freight,  some- 
times even  over  the  United  States  mail,  so  perish- 
able is  the  cargo  it  carries. 

The  most  picturesque  feature  of  the  river  front 
is  the  Mississippi  River  steamboat.  Light  of 
draught,  with 
paddle-wheels 
at  stern  and  two 
tall  s  moke- 
stacks  topped 
with  a  bitof  iron 
filigree,  it  is  not 
only  beautiful 
but  admirably 
fitted  to  feel  its 
way  among  the 
treacherous  riv- 
er sh  al  lows. 
Two  huge 
gangpla  nks 
poised  dangerously  in  mid-air  are  a  necessary  part 
of  each  boat's  equipment,  for  when  the  river  is  too 
low  for  the  boat  to  tie  up  at  the  wharf,  they  are 
let  down  over  the  mud  flats  forming  a  safe  and 
easy  bridge.  The  names  of  the  boats  are  most 
attractive.  It  is  hard  to  decide  whether  to  take 
passage  on  the  "  Belle  of  the  Bends,"  the  "  Pride  of 
the  River,"  or  the  "  River  Belle."  But  a  journey 
on  any  of  them  is  likely  to  interest  one  who  has 


NEW  ORLEANS  AXD  VICINITY 

Steamships  from  New  Orleans  ply  to  these  important 
ports  :  New  York,  Liverpool,  Hamburg,  Havana, 
Vera  Cruz,  Bluefields,  and  Panama. 


64  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

never  sailed  on  a  river  which  flows  on  top  of  the 
country  instead  of  in  a  nice  little  bed  below  it. 

An  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  commerce 
of  New  Orleans  is  the  best  introduction  to  the  city 
a  stranger  could  have,  for  in  a  stroll  along  the 
levees  he  is  looking  at  the  realization  of  the  dreams 
of  its  founder.  If  we  go  back  in  imagination  to  the 
year  1718,  when  Bienville,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
selected  the  site  for  his  city,  we  shall  feel  sure  that 
it  needed  a  prophet's  vision  to  plant  a  colony  on 
this  spot  and  to  make  it  the  capital  of  the  vast 
domain  of  Louisiana.  Nothing  worth  accomplish- 
ing is  easy  in  this  world  of  ours,  and  it  is  true  in 
the  history  of  cities  as  of  men  that,  though  certain 
favorable  conditions  may  account  for  their  success 
and  importance,  it  is  very  often  in  the  face  of  seri- 
ous obstacles  that  they  rise  to  greatness.  This  is 
especially  true  of  New  Orleans.  Bienville  was  far- 
seeing  enough  to  realize  that  at  the  outlet  of  the 
fertile  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  a  commer- 
cial port  must  grow  up.  Had  it  been  possible 
for  him  to  locate  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  it 
would  not  have  been  advisable;  for  a  port  must 
serve  two  masters,  the  hinterland,  or  back  country, 
and  the  ocean  highways,  so  it  must  get  as  near  to 
the  one  as  it  can  while  keeping  its  hand  on  the 
other.  New  Orleans  is  no  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi,  by  this  means  drawing  to  itself 
all  lines  of  inland  communication.  The  river  is 
kept  open  for  ocean  ships  by  constant  dredging 


NEW   ORLEANS  65 

and  by  controlling  jetties.  Situated  on  slightly  ris- 
ing ground  between  Lake  Ponchartrain  and  the 
river,  Bienville's  little  settlement  was  considered  to 
be  safe  from  attacks  by  hostile  Indians,  and  favor- 
ably located  to  fulfill  its  destiny  of  a  gateway  into 
and  out  of  the  continent. 

But  the  odds  were  heavy  against  his  under- 
taking, and  only  recently  have  the  greatest  of 
them  been  removed.  New  Orleans  is  two  feet 
below  the  high-water  line  of  the  river,  and  all  that 


A  SCENE  IN  THE  FRENCH  QUARTER 
Note  the  pretty  iron  balconies  and  the  narrow  and  poorly  paved  street. 

keeps  the  floods  from  the  city  are  earthen  walls  or 
levees  that  have  been  built  along  the  river-bank. 
These  are  watched  with  the  greatest  care,  and  piles 
of  sand  bags  are  always  on  hand  with  which  to 


66  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

repair  the  least  sign  of  weakness  in  this  protecting 
bulwark.  The  ground  is  naturally  so  marshy  that 
until  1904  New  Orleans  never  had  a  cellar.  The 
water-soaked  ground  offered  no  secure  foundation 
for  high  buildings;  and  when  it  rained  in  deluges, 
as  sometimes  happens,  the  water  collected  in  pools 
in  which  mosquitoes  bred,  and  these  brought  yel- 
low fever.  All  the  drinking  water  of  the  city  came 
from  the  clouds  and  was  stored  in  large  cisterns, 
one  or  two  of  which  stood  in  every  yard.  For 
nearly  two  hundred  years  the  people  of  New  Or- 
leans suffered  from  discomfort,  inconvenience,  and 
disease,  the  natural  result  of  these  unsanitary  con- 
ditions; but  to-day  it  is  one  of  the  healthiest  cities 
in  the  United  States,  —  it  is  sewered  and  drained, 
and  has  a  pure  water  supply  filtered  from  the 
Mississippi.  As  there  is  no  natural  drainage,  the 
city  being  flat,  these  improvements  required  much 
engineering  skill.  The  sewage  has  to  be  pumped 
up  and  out,  and  the  water  pumped  in,  but  a  new 
spirit  of  energy  in  its  people  has  conquered  these 
difficulties.  The  ground,  now  thoroughly  drained, 
can  support  proper  foundations  for  the  up-to-date 
"sky-scraper,"  and  it  will  not  be  long  before  New 
Orleans  will  be  supplied  with  many  of  these  mod- 
ern business  necessities. 

The  Crescent  City  has  outgrown  its  name,  hav- 
ing in  recent  years  spread  along  the  curving  river 
in  the  form  of  the  letter  "  S."  In  the  days  when 
it  was  peopled  by  the  French,  it  occupied  a  little 


NEW   ORLEANS 


67 


half-moon  on  the  northward  loop  of  the  river. 
This  is  the  "  French  Quarter,"  still  quaint  and  in- 
teresting. The  streets  are  narrow,  the  houses  low 

andbuiltaround    r    v, 

,  '• . 

courtyards, 

wherein  French 
and  Spanish 
days  much  of 
the  home  life 
centered.  A 
fountain  played 
there,  and  palms 
and  flowers  grew 
luxuriantly; 
there  mothers 
knitted  and  gos- 
siped while  chil- 
dren romped. 
To-day  these 
courtyards  are 
shabby  and  neg- 
lected, and  modern  houses  are  turning  a  cold 
shoulder  to  the  pretty  balconies  with  their  lace- 
like  iron  fronts  that  have  been  a  charming  feature 
of  New  Orleans.  French  is  still  spoken  in  the  old 
quarter,  and  the  streets  bear  their  early  names  -^~ 
Bienville,  Dauphine,  Royal,  Rampart.  Canal  Street 
divides  the  French  quarter  from  the  American.  It 
is  said  there  were  formerly  French  residents  who 
prided  themselves  on  never  having  crossed  Canal 


A  COURTYARD  IN  THE  FRENCH 
QUARTER 


68  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Street,  but  this  old  prejudice   has   now  entirely 
disappeared. 

The  streets  in  New  Orleans  are  curiously  ir- 
regular as  a  result  of  the  shape  of  the  city ;  and 
many  of  them  have  astonishing  names.  Napo- 
leon has  his  name  fastened  to  a  broad  thor- 
oughfare, and  on  either  side  are  his  victories - 
Jena  Street,  Berlin,  Milan,  Marengo,  and  Auster- 
litz  Streets.  In  another  part  of  the  city  are  the 
names  of  the  Nine  Muses.  Can  you  pronounce 
them  ?  They  present  difficulties  even  to  the  inhab- 
itants, and  one  hears  many  varieties  of  Terpsichore 
Street,  Melpomene,  and  Euterpe.  In  another  sec- 
tion is  Industry  Street,  and  near  by  Abundance, 
Felicity,  and  Piety  Streets.  It  might  be  inspiring 
to  live  on  Genius  Street,  or  on  Good  Children 
Street,  but  if  you  prefer  more  classical  names,  you 
can  choose  Socrates  or  Brutus  or  Solon.  Some 
of  these  thoroughfares  belie  their  names,  as  Ely- 
sian  Fields,  where  we  picture  happy  folk  walk- 
ing through  flowery  meadows  by  rippling  streams. 
Alas,  the  reality  is  a  long  dreary  avenue  given 
over  to  freight  cars,  warehouses,  and  repair  shops. 

New  Orleans  looks  as  if  set  in  the  midst  of  z. 
garden,  for  in  its  mild  moist  climate  vegetation 
flourishes.  Here  the  temperate  and  tropical  zones 
meet;  palms,  live-oak  hung  with  Spanish  moss, 
banana,  orange,  lemon,  fig,  and  camphor  trees 
grow  side  by  side  with  maples,  willows,  oaks,  and 
other  trees  to  which  Northern  eyes  are  accus- 


NEW   ORLEANS 


69 


You 


long 


tomed.  There  are  many  parks  and  open  squares 
for  breathing-places,  and  soft  southerly  winds  from 
the  Gulf  make  the  winter  delightful.  Though  the 
rainfall  is  heavy,  so  much  falls  at  one  time  that 
the  city  has  more  sunshiny  days  than  its  sister 
cities  in  the  North- 
west, where  it  rains 
a  little  at  a  time  and, 
during  the  winter, 
nearly  every  day. 

cannot  be 
in  New  Or- 
leans without  real- 
izing that  as  a  com- 
mercial port  and  a 
manufacturing  cen- 
ter it  has  many  ad- 
vantages. The  moist 
climate  makes  it  pos- 
sible to  spin  cotton 
to  advantage,  and 
other  raw  materials 
are  either  close  at 
hand  or  can  easily  be 

transported.  The  largest  sugar  refinery  in  the 
United  States  is  here,  its  group  of  tall  chimneys 
making  a  conspicuous  landmark  in  the  level 
country.  Around  the  city  sugar  plantations  are 
everywhere,  and  as  cutting-time  draws  near,  the 
newspapers  have  a  great  deal  to  say  about  the 


THE  SHADE  TREES  OF  THE 

SOUTH 

Many  streets  in  New  Orleans  are  bordered 
with  these  trees. 


70  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

prospects  for  a  good  crop,  for  just  as  wheat  holds 
the  scepter  in  Chicago  and  Kansas  City,  so  sugar 
is  king  in  New  Orleans.  Because  of  its  water 

connection  with 
the  interior, 
coal  is  brought 
cheaply  from 
Pittsburgh  and 
the  Middle 
West.  Six  great 
railroad  lines 
have  their  ter- 
minals here, and 
the  jetties  at  the 
mouth  of  the 
river  give  a 
channel  deep 

enough  to  accommodate  the  largest  vessels.  The 
people  of  New  Orleans  are  looking  forward  to 
the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal,  for  this 
shorter  route  to  the  Indies,  to  western  South 
America,  and  to  our  own  Pacific  Coast  cannot 
but  increase  the  commerce  of  the  city.  From  New 
Orleans  to  San  Francisco  by  way  of  Cape  Horn 
is  13,650  miles;  by  way  of  Panama  the  distance  is 
only  4700  miles.  From  New  Orleans  to  Callao  via 
Cape  Horn  is  10,100  miles;  by  way  of  Panama  it 
will  be  only  2750  miles.  From  Chicago  to  New 
Orleans  and  Callao  will  be  an  almost  north-south 
trade  route;  but  there  is  no  one  bold  enough  to 


THE  GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILROAD'S 
COTTON  ROUTE  TO  ASIA 


NEW   ORLEANS  71 

foretell  all  the  new  tides  of  travel  and  trade  which 
will  flow  to  and  through  the  Crescent  City  in  the 
new  era  which  it  is  awaiting. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

1.  Make  a  list  of  all  the  cities  mentioned  in  this  chapter  and 
write  them  opposite  the  countries  to  which  they  belong. 
Learn  their  location. 

2.  What  is  hemp  ?  In  what  countries  is  it  found,  and  for 
what  is  it  used  beside  bags  ?  For  what  purpose  is  hemp 
used  in  harvesting  machines  ?  Trace  the  route  of  Manila 
hemp  to  New  Orleans  and  Chicago.  Name  the  bodies  of 
water  crossed. 

3.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  world  draw  with  heavy  lines 
the  "cotton  streams"  from  Galveston  and  New  Orleans 
to  Liverpool  and   Manchester,  to   Havre  and  Rouen,  to 
Hamburg  and  Chemnitz,  to  Cologne  and  Elberfeld,  to 
Boston  and  Lowell.    Print  neatly  the  names  of  the  ports 
exporting  and  importing  cotton,  also  the  names  of  the 
cotton-spinning  towns  near  each  port. 

4.  To  what  country  does  the  cotton   exported  by  way  of 
Seattle  go  ?  Draw  the  route  of  this   "  cotton  stream " 
across  the  Pacific. 

5.  What  products  come  to  New  Orleans  from  Costa  Rica 
and  Honduras  ?  Name  and  locate  the  port  of  each  of 
these  countries. 

6.  Write  a  composition  comparing  the  climate  in  your  home 
in  winter  and  summer  with  that  of  New  Orleans.  Tell 
also  what  differences  there  are  in  the  trees  and  plants  of 
both  places.  What  wind  brings  rain  to  New  Orleans  ? 

7.  Draw  a  plan  of  the  way  your  town  is  laid  out  and  com- 
pare it  with  the  Crescent  City.  Find  out  how  the  prin- 
cipal streets  of  your  town  received  their  names. 

8.  How  old  is  the  community  where  you  live  ?  Is  it  older  or 


72  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

younger  than  New  Orleans  ?  Who  founded  it  ?  What 
cities  of  the  United  States  are  older  than  New  Orleans  ? 
9.  Explain  the  advantages  in  the  situation  of  a  city  at  the 
head  of  a  bay  or  up  from  the  mouth  of  a  navigable  river. 
Compare  Baltimore  and  Norfolk  in  this  respect ;  Portland 
and  Astoria.  In  each  case,  which  is  the  larger  city? 

10.  Turn  to  the  "Rules  governing  the  Location  of  Cities" 
(Appendix,  page  203),  and  learn  that  rule  which  seems  to 
you  to  apply  best  to  the  development  of  New  Orleans. 

11.  Draw  a  plan   to  show  how  railroad,   river,   and   ocean 
traffic  center  at  New  Orleans. 

12.  What  articles  from   Central   and   South   America  reach 
Chicago  by  way  of  New  Orleans  ?  What  effect  will  the 
opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  be  likely  to  have  on  the 
trade  between  Chicago  and   the  Pacific  Coast  ?    Name 
some  products  of   the   Pacific   Coast  that  might  reach 
Chicago  via  New  Orleans  instead  of  overland.  (Consult 
the  chapter  on  San  Francisco  for  your  answer.) 

13.  Tell  some  of  the  disadvantages  of  living  in  New  Orleans 
in  the  early  French  days. 

14.  What  river  in  China  has  many  features  like  that  of  the 
Mississippi  ?    What  makes  it  so  difficult  to  control  the 
floods  in  both  these  rivers?  Tell  some  of  the  difficulties 
and  hazards  that  are  a  result  of  living  near  a  river  that 
flows  on  top  of  the  land.  What  is  a  levee? 

15.  Which  dependencies  of  the  United  States  supply  us  with 
sugar  ?  Why  should  San  Francisco,  New  York,  and  New 
Orleans  have  large  sugar  refineries  ?  Where  does  the  coal 
that  runs  the  refinery  in  New  Orleans  probably  come 
from  ?  By  what  route  ?  (See  chapter  on  Pittsburgh.) 

EXERCISES   FOR  WORLD   REVIEW 

i.  Compare  New  Orleans  and  Buenos  Ayres  as  to  — 

(a)  location  (note  latitude  as  well  as  other  facts)  ; 

(b)  climate ; 


NEW  ORLEANS' 


73 


(c)  size ; 

(d)  people,  language  spoken  ; 

(e)  exports. 

Arrange  these  facts  in  the  form  of  a  chart,  as  below,  or 
write  them  in  paragraphs. 

Fill  out  the  blanks  in  the  following  chart.  Locate  the 
countries,  tell  the  kind  of  climate  necessary  to  raise  sugar 
cane,  name  the  ports  which  export  sugar,  and  the  cities 
of  the  United  States  which  import  and  refine  sugar. 

Six  Leading  Countries  producing  Cane  Sugar 


Countries 

Location 

Climate 

Export  City 

Cities  of  V.  S. 
Refining  Sugar 

Cuba  

lava. 

Hawaii.    

United  States.  . 
Porto  Rico  .    ... 

Brazil  

Find  four  cities  in  Europe,  four  in  North  America,  and 
two  in  Asia  that  are  situated  on  navigable  rivers  several 
miles  inland.  Explain  in  each  case  the  advantages  of 
such  location.  Make  a  sketch  map  of  the  location  of  one 
of  these  cities  and  compare  it  with  that  of  New  Orleans. 


DULUTH,    THE   ZENITH    CITY    OF 
THE  UNSALTED  SEAS 

IN  the  northern  part  of  Minnesota, in  a  wooded 
country  full  of  lakes  and  streams,  lie  the 
sources  of  two  rivers,  one  flowing  to  the  east 
through  the  Great  Lakes,  and  one  to  the  south. 
Here,  near  the  head  of  Lake  Superior,  is  a  great 
water-parting  or  divide,  and  here  in  early  days  the 
Indians  came  from  all  directions  to  bargain  with 
French  fur  traders  or  to  arrange  terms  of  peace. 
In  those  days  French  and  Indians  might  well  have 
said,  "  All  trails  lead  to  the  Great  Portage  " ;  to-day 
the  people  of  Duluth  will  tell  you,  "  All  roads  lead 
to  Duluth." 

With  these  facts  in  mind,  we  can  understand 
how  the  nickname,  the  Zenith  City,  came  to  be 
applied.  The  origin  of  its  real  name  is  quite  as  in- 
teresting, but  history,  not  geography,  gives  us  the 
key  to  that.  Daniel  Greysolon,  Sieur  du  Luth,  a 
brave  soldier  of  France,  came  to  New  France  to 
help  in  extending  the  fur  trade,  and  to  explore  the 
West.  In  1679,  at  the  Great  Portage  near  where 
Duluth  now  stands,  he  called  a  council  of  the 
warring  Indian  tribes,  who  declared  a  peace  with 
each  other  and  with  France.  Nearly  two  hundred 
years  later  the  pioneers  who  settled  Duluth  met 
at  a  picnic  to  decide  upon  a  name  for  their  town. 


DULUTH 


75 


No  name  that  was  suggested  suited  the  assembly, 
until  finally  a  Rev.  Mr.  Wilson  arose,  and  giving 
a  brief  history  of  the  place,  proposed  "  Duluth." 
Instantly  the  au- 
dience clapped 
their  hands, 
sprang  to  their 
feet,  and  then 
and  there  voted 
to  adopt  the 
name. 

It  is  a  fine 
thing  for  a  boy 
or  girl  to  be 
brought  up  in  a 
town  where  the 
motto  of  every 
one  is  "Do  it  for 
Duluth."  To 
carry  this  out 
may  mean  sacri- 
fice and  service,  but  history  has  shown  that  the 
people  are  always  ready.  After  the  railroad  came 
to  the  city  in  1870,  business  increased  so  that  it 
became  necessary  to  improve  the  harbor  by  cutting 
a  canal  across  Minnesota  Point.  This  would  give 
an  easier  entrance  than  to  go  around  the  point  to 
the  natural  opening.  Across  the  bay  is  the  city  of 
Superior,  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  but  sharing 
with  Duluth  the  benefits  of  the  beautiful  bay  a  mile 


DULUTH  AND  SUPERIOR 
Note  the  ship  canal,  and  harbor.  Refer  to  the 
illustrations  on  pages  76  and  83.  The  principal 
railroads  entering  Duluth  are :  The  Duluth, 
Mesaba,  and  Northern  ;  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western ;  the  Great  Northern  ;  and  the  Northern 
Pacific. 


76  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

wide  and  seven  miles  long.  Superior,  having  a  wide 
outlet  to  the  lake,  hoped  to  be  the  greater  city;  and 
she  was  alarmed  when  she  saw  what  Duluth  was 
doing.  Hurriedly  the  people  appealed  to  the  United 
States  Government,  claiming  that  the  new  canal 
would  shallow  their  channel  and  injure  their  har- 
bor. But  before  the  Supreme  Court  could  act  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  in  Duluth  who  could 
handle  a  shovel  went  down  to  Minnesota  Point 
and  began  to  dig.  Day  and  night  they  worked, 
and  the  canal  was  cut  through  before  the  order  to 


Copyright,  1910,  »ji  Kmt  trOnine.  Duluth. 

DULUTH  HARBOR  AND  MINNESOTA  POINT 
Note  the  ship  canal,  shown  in  detail  on  page  83. 

stop  it  came  from  the  Court!  To-day  there  still 
exists  a  rivalry  between  the  two  cities,  but  the 
unfriendliness  of  those  early  days  has  given  place 
to  a  feeling  of  mutual  good-will. 


DULUTH  77 

The  city  has  a  beautiful  situation.  In  front  are 
the  blue  waters  of  the  biggest  fresh-water  lake  in  the 
world,  an  inland  sea  in  very  truth,  while  back  of  the 
town  rocky  hills  rise  in  terraces  to  the  height  of 
six  hundred  feet.  The  townspeople  have  a  joking 
way  of  saying  that  Duluth  is  thirty  miles  long, 
half  a  mile  wide,  and  a  mile  high,  but  if  you  had 
to  climb  the  steep  streets  to  your  home  you  would 
think  the  saying  no  joke.  How  many  famous 
cities  are  on  steep  hillsides!  Genoa  rises  abruptly 
from  the  sea,  Rome  is  built  on  seven  hills,  and 
Quebec's  steep  cliff  overlooks  the  St.  Lawrence. 
In  the  early  days  people  settled  on  hillsides  to 
be  secure  against  sudden  attacks  from  enemies. 
Duluth  has  no  foes  to  fear;  so  instead  of  cannon 
on  the  hills,  there  are  beautiful  homes  and  schools 
and  boulevards,  and  the  bracing  air  and  the  elec- 
tric car  help  the  people  to  climb  the  steep  in- 
clines. 

The  Zenith  City  is  young.  Boston  was  about  two 
hundred  and  twenty-five  years  old  when  Duluth 
was  born,  and  though  at  first  the  town  grew  very 
slowly,  it  has  taken  a  great  leap  since  1880.  It  is 
with  the  planting  of  cities  as  with  the  sowing  of 
crops ;  not  all  seeds  that  are  sown  sprout,  nor  do 
all  settlements  grow  into  towns.  There  must  be 
something  in  one  locality  more  than  in  another 
to  attract  people  in  large  numbers;  let  us  see  what 
it  is  at  Duluth. 

Where   a   land   route   ends   and  a  water   route 


78  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

begins,  or  a  water  route  ends  and  a  land  route  be- 
gins, goods  and  passengers  have  to  be  moved  from 
one  kind  of  carrier  to  another.  This  is  called  a 
break  in  transportation,  and  some  sort  of  settle- 
ment always 
springs  up  at 
such  a  point  of 
transfer.  Wheth- 
er it  will  be  a 
village  or  a  city 
depends  largely 
on  the  amount 
of  goods  to  be 
carried.  One  of 
the  oldest  of 
modern  cities, 

ROUTES  OF  ORE  SHIPMENTS  THROUGH        . 

THE  GREAT  LAKES  London,    is    at 

such    a    break, 

and  you  will  find  many  others.  Most  of  the  cities 
on  the  Great  Lakes  have  this  reason  in  common 
for  their  beginning,  but  as  it  is  the  amount  of 
freight  passing  through  a  place  that  makes  busi- 
ness, Buffalo  and  Chicago  have  grown  larger  than 
the  other  Lake  ports. 

Duluth  is  at  the  head  of  the  greatest  inland 
waterway  in  the  world,  and  in  the  center  of  a  re- 
gion that  furnishes  three  great  products;  therefore 
the  chief  business  of  the  city  is  gathering  and  dis- 
tributing, loading  and  unloading.  Pine  from  the 
forests  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  is  sent  to 


DULUTH  79 

Duluth,  where  it  is  sawed,  piled  in  great  yards  on 
the  water  front,  and  shipped  down  the  Lakes  or 
by  train  to  the  people  of  the  prairies.  From  the 
Western  prairies  in  August  and  September,  come 
the  products  of  the  grain-fields,  wheat,  barley,  oats, 
rye,  and  flax.  Wheat  is  the  most  important.  Du- 
luth and  Chicago  are  the  two  Lake  ports  that  re- 
ceive most  of  the  hard  spring  wheat,  which  makes 
the  best  flour  in  the  world.  One  year  ninety  mil- 
lion bushels  came  to  Duluth.  It  is  hard  to  picture 


Photo,  by  McKeniie,  Duluth. 

A  GRAIN  BOAT  LOADING  WITH  WHEAT 
Note  the  modern  steel  and  cement  elevators. 

such  a  quantity.  If  you  enter  the  city  by  the  way 
of  the  lake  you  will  see  a  number  of  tall  "  sky- 
scrapers" standing  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  har- 
bor. These  are  grain  elevators  where  wheat  is 
stored  until  it  can  be  shipped.  Duluth  and  Su- 
perior together  have  twenty-one  of  these  elevators 


8o  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

holding  in  all  55,000,000  bushels.  Three  thousand 
years  ago  Joseph  built  for  Pharaoh,  King  of  Egypt, 
big  granaries  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile  to  provide 
food  for  the  starving  people  when  there  was  a 
famine  in  the  land;  but  whereas  the  Israelites  and 
Egyptians  carried  the  grain  away  by  the  sackful, 
Duluth  and  Superior  ship  it  by  the  boat-load,  each 
boat  holding  thousands  of  bushels.  At  every  large 
port  along  the  way,  some  of  the  grain  is  dropped, 
each  city  turning  it  into  flour  and  distributing  it. 
But  there  is  a  third  and  greater  product  that 
goes  through  Duluth  ;  it  is  iron  ore.  In  the  north- 
west part  of  Minnesota  is  the  Height  of  Land,  low 
ranges  running  east  and  west,  and  this  region,  a 
wilderness  in  1890,  is  now  the  greatest  producer 
of  iron  ore  in  the  world.  This  is  not  only  because 
there  is  so  much  iron  there,  but  also  because  it  lies 
so  near  the  surface  and  is  so  soft  and  pure  that  it 
can  be  dug  out  without  the  blasting  and  tunnel- 
ing that  make  underground  mining  so  costly  and 
dangerous.  At  Hibbing,  one  of  the  mining  towns 
in  the  Mesaba  Range,  there  are  several  of  these 
open  pits,  the  largest  one  measuring  a  mile  and  a 
half  in  length  and  half  a  mile  across.  Tracks  are 
laid  into  the  pit,  and  steam  shovels  scoop  out  the 
ore  and  throw  it  into  cars,  —  steel  cars  made  in  Pitts- 
burgh out  of  the  iron  they  carry  down  from  Hib- 
bing. Long  trains  of  forty  to  fifty  cars  are  run  to 
the  top  of  the  mine,  and  once  there  it  is  downhill 
all  the  way  to  the  Lake  Erie  ports.  A  long  slide, 


DULUTH  81 

you  say;  indeed  it  is,  but  it  costs  so  little  to  mine 
the  ore  and  to  carry  it  on  the  Lakes,  that  the  steel 
manufactories  of  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland  find  it 
cheaper  to  get  iron  from  Minnesota  than  to  dig  it 
from  the  rocks  of  Pennsylvania.  At  Superior  and 
Duluth  the  cars  run  on  to  long  docks,  some  of 
them  extending  half  a  mile  into  the  harbor.  There 


STEAM  SHOVELS  LOADING  ORE 

In  one  of  the  mines  in  the  Mesaba  range.    Note  that  tracks  are  laid  on  several 

levels. 

the  bottom  of  each  car  opens,  and  the  ore  falls 
below  into  big  hoppers  and  runs  down  long  spouts 
into  the  ore  boats  moored  alongside  the  docks. 
The  largest  ore  boat  afloat  is  six  hundred  and  five 
feet  long  and  holds  1 5,000  tons.  How  swiftly  these 
boats  slip  through  the  water !  There  is  need  of 
speed,  for  navigation  is  open  only  eight  months 
in  the  year,  and  enough  ore  must  be  piled  up  at 


82 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


Pittsburgh,  Cleveland,  and  other  Lake  ports  to 
keep  the  blast  furnaces  and  steel  mills  running  all 
winter. 

The  State  of  Minnesota  realized  when  these 
rich  deposits  of  ore  were  found  that  they  belonged 

to  the  people  of 
Minnesota,  so 
though  private 
companies  own 
the  mines,  for 
every  ton  of  ore 
mined  they 
must  pay  a  cer- 
tain sum  into 
the  State  Treas- 
ury, and  this 
money  is  de- 
voted to  educa- 
tion. This  accounts  for  the  beautiful  schools  in 
these  mining  towns,  buildings  much  finer  than 
any  houses  the  inhabitants  occupy. 

Hibbing  is  a  curious  place ;  surrounded  by  the 
mines,  it  is  built  on  iron,  and  any  day  a  house 
may  have  to  arise  and  walk  to  another  foundation 
because  they  must  dig  for  iron  under  it.  It  is  a 
common  sight  to  see  houses  moving  slowly  along 
the  streets  looking  for  new  resting-places.  The 
ore  is  buried  under  a  blanket  or  cover  of  gravel, 
sometimes  a  few  feet,  sometimes  eighty  feet  in 
thickness.  This  cover  is  taken  off  during  the  win- 


THE  DULUTH  HIGH  SCHOOL 

One  of  the  finest  buildings  of  the  kind  in  the 

country. 


DULUTH  83 

ter  when  the  ore  cannot  be  mined.  As  the  ground 
freezes  hard  it  has  to  be  blasted,  so  the  little 
frame  houses  in  the  town  are  constantly  shaken 
and  the  ears  of  the  citizens  deafened  by  the  can- 
nonading. One  would  think  the  inhabitants  were 
in  a  state  of  siege.  The  "strippings  "  are  piled  up  in 
great  plateaus  outside  the  pits.  If  the  mine  owners 
lived  there,  very  likely  they  would  plant  these  hills 
and  turn  them  into  pretty  hanging-gardens  or 
parks.  But  they  live  far  away  in  pleasanter  places; 
probably  some 
of  them  have 
never  seen  the 
place  theirmon- 
ey  comes  from. 
You  now 
know  some- 
thing of  the 
great  carrying 
service  Duluth 
does;  but  has  it 
occurred  to  you 
to  ask  if  all 
these  boats  that 
go  eastward  so 
heavily  laden  return  empty?  That  would  be  a  very 
one-sided  and  costly  service  indeed,  hardly  a  ser- 
vice at  all ;  for  all  this  northern  part  of  the  Middle 
West  lacks  one  of  the  chief  necessaries  of  life, 
namely,  coal.  So  at  the  ports  where  the  ore  and 


STEEL  ORE  BOAT  IN  DULUTH  SHIP 

CANAL 

Note  the  Aerial  Bridge  over  the  canal.  Person! 
wishing  to  cross  the  canal  are  carried  over  on  ths 
traveling  draw  suspended  from  this  bridge.  Com- 
pare with  the  view  on  page  76. 


84  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

grain  are  unloaded,  another  loading  process  goes 
on  quite  as  wonderful  as  these  just  described,  and 
Duluth  and  Superior  become  receivers  and  dis- 
tributors of  fuel.  Nor  is  this  all;  beside  this  bulky 
freight  which  acts  chiefly  as  ballast,  the  boats  bring 
back  manufactured  goods,  plows  and  harvesting 
machines,  hardware  for  use  indoors  and  out,  in 
home  and  factory,  clothing  and  furniture,  books 
and  articles  of  luxury  that  are  needed  by  the 
people  of  these  States  ;  and  in  this  way  Duluth  has 
become  such  a  distributing  center  that  ten  rail- 
roads enter  the  city  now  where  there  was  one  in 
1870.  In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  not  difficult  to 
believe  the  claim  that  Duluth  made  in  1905  to  be 
the  port  of  greatest  tonnage  in  the  world. 

It  is  not  strange  that  the  people  of  the  Zenith 
City  are  energetic  in  the  present  a«id . hopeful  for 
the  future.  Blessed  with  a  healthful  climate  and 
a  soil  fitted  to  produce  excellent  harvests,  at  the 
head  of  our  Inland  Seas,  and  on  a  transcontinental 
line  that  reaches  out  across  the  Pacific,  Duluth 
has  good  reason  to  hope  that  it  may  one  day  be  a 
central  point  on  a  great  world  highway,  that  shall 
traverse  not  only  the  unsalted  seas  but  the  oceans 
and  the  countries  beyond  them. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

I.  Tell  why  a  settlement  is  likely  to  grow  up  at  a  break  in 
transportation.  Find  ten  cities  in  the  United  States 
located  at  such  a  point  of  transfer.  Which  of  these  cities 


DULUTH  85 

are  among  the  "  Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  in  the  United 
States  "  ?  (Consult  the  list  in  the  Appendix,  page  204,  for 
your  answer.) 

2.  If  the  average  load  of  a  freight  car  is  66,000  pounds,  how 
many  cars  would  it  take  to  haul  the  90,000,000  bushels  of 
wheat  that  came  to  Duluth  ? 

3.  Did  you  ever  see  a  grain  elevator  ?  Explain  its  use.  Where 
are  such  buildings  located? 

4.  What  is  the  meaning  of  zenith  ?  How  does  it  apply  to 
Duluth  ? 

5.  What  is  the  origin  of  the  name  of  your  city  or  town? 
Tell  the  story  of  its  origin,  and  of  the  founding  of  the 
town. 

6.  Find  out  the  chief  reasons  for  the  location  of  the  place 
you  live  in.  Is  it  at  a  break  in  transportation  ?  Write  an- 
swers to  Exercises  5  and  6  in  the  form  of  a  composition 
for  your  English  work. 

7y  Examine  the  map,  showing  the  location  of  Duluth,  and 
tell  how  the  ship  canal  is  an  advantage  to  its  commerce. 

8.  State  as   many  reasons  as  you  can  for  the  location  of 
cities.  Illustrate  each  by  an  example  of  a  city.  (Consult 
"  Rules  governing   the  Location  of  Cities,"  Appendix, 
page  203.) 

9.  Explain  how  Mesaba  ore  is  mined  and  how  it  reaches 
the  blast   furnaces  at  -  Pittsburgh,  Chicago,    and    Gary. 
What  is  a  blast  furnace  ? 

10.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States  draw  the  route 
of  the  iron  ore  down  the  Lakes  to  Chicago,  Cleveland, 
Erie,  and  Pittsburgh.  Locate  on  this  map  the  iron  mines, 
the  shipping  ports,  and  the  chief  manufacturing  cities 
which  receive  the  ore.  Measure  the  distance  from  Duluth 
to  Cleveland  and  write  this  on  the  map.  (Use  the  scale  of 
miles  on  the  United  States  map  in  your  geography  text- 
book.) 

11.  Write  a  composition  on  "Our  Inland  Seas,"  telling  the 
facts  about  them  that  interest  you  most. 


86 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


12.  In  which  part  of  North  America  do  you  find  French 
names  ?  Spanish  ?  Make  a  list  of  the  French  names  you 
find  on  or  near  the  Great  Lakes;  the  Indian  names. 

EXERCISES   FOR  WORLD   REVIEW 
Ojptning  and  Closing  of  Grain  Ports  of  the  World 


St.  Petersburg 
Montreal 
Duluth 
Odessa 

St.  Petersburg 

Montreal 

Duluth 

Odessa  j 


Close 


November  20 
December  i 
January  15 
Free  from  ice 

April  21 
April  10 
April  )6 
Free  from  ice 


Compare  the  length  of  the  open  season  of  each  port  with 
that  at  Duluth.  Which  has  the  longest  season  ? 
Look  up  references  in  the  Index  of  your  geography  text- 
book under  "  Iron."  Locate  chief  iron  mining  centers  in 
England,  France,  Germany,  and  the  United  States.  Name 
a  city  in  each  center. 

Name  five  cities  in  Europe,  five  in  Asia,  two  in  Africa,  and 
two  in  South  America  that  are  located  at  a  break  in  trans- 
portation. 

Where  is  the  "Soo"  Canal?  Compare  it  with  the  Suez 
and  Panama  Canals  as  to  location,  winter  temperature, 
rainfall,  products  of  country,  cities.  Put  these  facts  in  the 
form  of  a  chart  as  below,  or  draw  a  map  of  each  canal 
arranging  facts  neatly. 

Comparison  of  Three  Great  Canals 


Location 

Waters  connected 

January  Temperature 

Rainfall 

Products 

Cities... 


Soo"  Canal  Suez  Canal  Panama  Canal 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND   ST.   PAUL:  THE 
TWIN    CITIES 

MINNEAPOLIS  and  St.  Paul  are  not 
the  only  "  twins  "  among  our  cities.  A 
little  thought  will  show  you  that  it  is 
not  uncommon  for  two,  and  even  three,  or  four 
towns  to  grow  up  near  a  common  center  because 
of  specially  favorable  geographical  conditions.  The 
four  cities  of  San  Francisco  Bay  share  in  the  ad- 
vantages of  that  vast  landlocked  harbor.  Around 
New  York  Bay  lies  the  most  splendid  city  group 
in  the  whole  world.  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Jersey 
City,  and  Hoboken  —  we  might  almost  add  New- 
ark —  are  flourishing  cities  because  of  the  oppor- 
tunities for  trade  and  manufacture  offered  by  their 
unrivaled  location.  Sometimes  these  adjacent  cities 
unite  under  one  government,  as  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  and  Pittsburgh  and  Allegheny  City  have 
done,  because  in  this  way  their  common  interests 
can  be  better  served.  Often  a  state  boundary  pre- 
vents this  union,  as  in  the  case  of  Duluth  and 
Superior,  New  York  and  Jersey  City. 

In  all  the  cities  you  have  thus  far  studied,  you 
have  found  some  geographical  feature  the  deter- 
mining cause  for  their  location.  This  is  equally  true 
of  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul.  A  few  miles  above 
the  point  at  which  the  Minnesota  River  enters  the 


88  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Mississippi,  the  latter  leaps  over  a  ledge  of  lime- 
stone rock  making  the  famous  St.  Anthony  Falls. 
Below  the  falls  the  river  flows  swiftly  for  a  few 
miles,  then  settles  down  into  a  placid  waterway  for 
the  most  part  undisturbed  by  rapids  to  its  mouth. 
At  the  place  where  river  navigation  began  or 
ended,  a  little  trading-post  known  as  St.  Paul 
grew  up  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, relying  for  protection  on  the  guns  of  Fort 
Snelling,  which  the  United  States  Government 
had  built  at  the  junction  of  the  Minnesota  and 
Mississippi  Rivers  to  guard  the  northern  frontier 
of  the  newly  acquired  Louisiana  Territory.  It 
was  natural  that  a  settlement  of  some  sort  should 
spring  up  at  the  point  where  the  little  boats  of 
that  early  day  had  to  stop  because  of  shoal  water. 
French  and  English  fur  traders  had  long  kept  the 
Indians  of  this  North  west  country  busy  duringthe 
hunting  season,  for  furs  were  very  fashionable  in 
Europe  and  could  be  bought  cheaply  in  the  New 
World.  To  this  point  the  Indians  and  traders 
came  with  their  furs,  and  scattered  settlers  bought 
food  and  other  supplies  at  the  rude  country  store. 
By  1851  there  was  a  lively  summer  trade  between 
St.  Paul  and  settlements  on  the  Red  River.  Long 
trains  of  ox-carts  filled  with  furs  filed  into  St. 
Paul,  the  creaking  and  groaning  of  their  cumber- 
some wheels  announcing  their  arrival  from  afar. 
As  new  settlements  were  made,  the  town  became 
the  base  of  supplies  for  all  the  Northwest,  and  St. 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND    ST.  PAUL 


89 


Paul  began  to  prosper  just  as  Seattle  did  during 
the  rush  of  the  gold-seekers  to  Alaska.  In  the 
year  of  the  great  "  boom  "  after  the  knowledge  of 


MINNEAPOLIS  AND  ST.  PAUL 

The  principal  railroads  entering  the  "  Twin  Cities  "  are  :  the  Northern  Pacific  ;  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul;  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy ;  the  Chi- 
cago and  Great  Western  ;  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern;  and  the  Great  Northern. 

the  fitness  of  the  prairie  soil  for  wheat  had  spread 
over  the  country,  the  steamboats  brought  30,000 
people  to  St.  Paul,  whence,  after  buying  their  sup- 
plies, they  scattered  over  the  prairie.  The  packet 
boats  did  a  thriving  business  that  year,  and  for 
many  thereafter;  but  as  modern  progress  insists 
on  quicker  carriage  and  communication,  these 


90  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

boats  have  practically  gone  out  of  commission. 
The  city  has,  however,  kept  its  character  as  a 
central  distributing  point.  Ten  separate  railroad 
systems  center  here,  making  the  "  Twin  Cities  " 
easily  reached  from  every  part  of  the  continent. 
The  deepening  of  the  Mississippi  is  already  under 
way;  perhaps  by  the  time  you  are  ready  to  go  into 
business,  increased  river  traffic  may  tempt  you  to 


Copyright,  Sweet,  Mtntuapolit. 

THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  FROM  HIGH  BRIDGE,  ST.  PAUL 

try  your  fortune  in  one  of  these  cities.  The  chief 
fur  market  of  North  America  is  still  in  St.  Paul, 
and  manufacturing  thrives  because  power  from 
the  falls  can  be  utilized  and  the  many  railroads 
fetch  and  carry  quickly.  St.  Paul  is  also  the  capital 
of  the  State,  though  you  may  think  it  is  not  very 
centrally  located  for  that  purpose ;  but  then,  what 
of  Boston,  Helena,  Topeka,  Cheyenne,  and  Albany  ? 


MINNESOTA  STATE  CAPITOL  AT  SAINT- 
PAUL 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND   ST.  PAUL  91 

If  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  had  an  indirect  in- 
fluence on  the  location  of  St.  Paul,  their  turbulent 
waters  have  been  the  making  of  Minneapolis.  A 
waterfall  means  power,  for  the  force  of  falling 
water  can  set  a 
wheelinmotion, 
and  by  means  of 
gears  and  belts 
and  armatures 
can  generate 
electricity  and 
so  set  engines 
to  work  and  ma- 
chinery to  run- 
ning. The  sol- 
diers of  Fort  Snelling  were  the  first  to  use  this 
power.  In  a  rough  sort  of  mill  which  they  built 
in  1822,  they  sawed  the  logs  necessary  for  their 
barracks.  When  their  work  was  finished  they 
closed  the  door  of  the  little  mill,  and  for  many 
years  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  frothed  and 
tumbled  at  their  own  sweet  will  between  the  rocky 
bluffs.  Then  some  adventurous  New  England 
people  pushed  their  way  to  this  frontier,  a  saw- 
mill was  built  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  and 
the  little  town  of  St.  Anthony  was  begun.  This 
is  to-day  the  old  part  of  Minneapolis,  where  the 
great  State  University  crowns  the  bluff  and  the 
broad  avenue  leads  directly  to  the  splendid  State 
Capitol  in  St.  Paul. 


92  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

So  Minneapolis  was  first  a  lumber  town,  and 
still  is.  From  that  day  to  this  the  harnessed  falls 
have  driven  the  steel  teeth  of  the  saw  into  the  pine 
logs  of  northern  Minnesota  until  those  great  for- 
ests are  a  thing  of  the  past,  though  Minneapolis 
continues  to  be  one  of  the  great  lumber  centers  of 
the  world,  sawing  in  a  recent  year  over  594,000,000 
feet  of  lumber.  With  the  establishment  of  sawmills 
many  kinds  of  factories  gathered  around  the  falls, 
—  planing-mills  and  factories  for  making  sashes, 
doors,  blinds,  and  shingles.  But  in  spite  of  this,  the 
lumber  industry  alone  would  never  have  brought 
about  the  rapid  growth  of  the  "  Twin  Cities,"  for 
you  must  realize  that  when  a  tree  is  cut  down, 
unless  another  tree  is  planted  in  its  place,  it  means 
so  much  less  feet  of  lumber  in  the  world.  As 
lumber  companies  have  not  as  a  rule  planted  trees, 
you  can  easily  understand  why  the  amount  of  lum- 
ber furnished  to  the  Minneapolis  mills  is  constantly 
growing  less.  No,  the  foundation  of  the  prosper- 
ity of  the  "  Twin  Cities  "  lies  in  the  golden  wheat 
harvests  of  Minnesota  and  the  Dakotas.  The  early 
farmers  who  settled  in  the  Northwest  had  found 
that  northern  climate  with  its  long  hours  of  sum- 
mer sunshine  wonderfully  adapted  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  spring  wheat,  but  its  kernel  was  wrapped 
in  a  hard  gritty  covering  and  the  flour  was  so  dark 
people  objected  to  it.  Then  millers  went  to  work 
to  discover  a  method  of  manufacture  which  would 
remove  these  difficulties.  They  visited  various 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND   ST.  PAUL 


93 


Courtety.  WalMurn  Croibv  Co. 

SECTIONAL  VIEW  OF  A  SIMPLIFIED  FLOUR  MILL 

This  gives  a  connected  idea  of  the  milling  process  without  bringing  in  many  con- 
fusing details.  The  processes  may  be  described  briefly  as  follows:  (i)  Scales, 
for  weighing  wheat  as  it  is  received.  (2)  Receiving  separator,  for  separating 
other  kinds  of  seeds  from  wheat.  (3)  Storage  bins,  for  reserve  supply  of  wheat 
in  advance  of  mill  requirements.  (4)  Mill  separator,  for  further  separating 
foreign  seeds  from  wheat.  (5)  Scourer,  for  removing  dust  from  wheat  kernels. 
(6)  Cockle  cylinder,  for  removing  all  round  seecfs.  (7)  Wheat  washer,  for  thor- 
oughly cleansing  the  wheat.  (8)  Wheat  dryer,  for  drying  wheat  after  washing. 
(9)  ist  break  rolls,  for  rupturing  bran,  enabling  bran  and  germ  to  be  separated 
from  interior.  (10)  ist  break  scalper,  for  sifting  middlings  through  bolting  cloth 
to  separate  from  bran.  (11)  2d  break  rolls,  for  further  loosening  the  middlings 
from  bran.  (12)  2cl  break  scalper,  for  separating  more  middlings  from  bran. 
(13)  3d  break  rolls,  for  further  loosening  middlings  from  bran.  (14)  3d  break 
scalper,  for  final  separation  of  middlings  from  bran.  (15)  Bran  duster,  for 
dusting  low  grade  flour  from  bran.  (16)  Bran  bin,  for  packing  bran  for  shipment. 
(17)  Grading  reel,  for  separating  middlings  by  sifting  through  various  sizes  of 
bolting  cloth.  (18)  Dust  collector  and  purifier,  for  cleaning  and  puiifying  mid- 
dlings by  air  and  sifting.  (19)  Smooth  rolls,  for  grinding  purified  middlings 
very  fine  to  flour.  (20)  Flour  bolter,  for  sifting  flour  from  purified  middlings. 
(21)  2d  reduction  rolls,  for  further  grinding  of  purified  middlings.  (22)  Flour 
bolter,  for  separating  flour  from  purified  middlings  of  second  grading.  (23)  Flour 
bin  and  packer,  for  packing  flour  for  shipment. 


94  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

milling  cities  of  Europe,  especially  Budapest,  in 
whose  mills  the  old-fashioned  grindstones  had  been 
discarded  and  a  new  process  of  crushing  the  wheat 
berry  between  heavy  rollers  had  been  installed. 
They  returned  with  new  ideas  and  began  to  make 
inventions  and  to  introduce  new  machinery.  The 
result  was  astonishing ;  Eastern  farmers  dropped 
their  hand  plows  on  their  rocky  upland  farms  and 
rushed  to  the  Northwest  to  harvest  with  the  reaper 
and  binder  and  giant  threshing-machines.  This 
news  spread  to  Norway  and  Sweden  and  Germany, 
and  immigrants  poured  into  the  new  land.  Rail- 
road builders  became  prophets  and  laid  iron  rails 
across  the  open  prairie  where  there  was  no  sign 
of  habitation.  Sometimes  the  rush  of  new  settlers 
was  so  great  that,  as  soon  as  it  was  known  just 
where  a  railroad  line  was  going  to  be  laid  and 
stations  located,  a  body  of  enterprising  folk  would 
push  on  in  advance  and  the  town  would  be  built 
before  the  track  had  reached  it.  At  all  these  sta- 
tions grain  elevators  were  among  the  first  build- 
ings to  be  erected ;  even  to-day,  as  you  cross  the 
wheat  country  on  the  Northern  Pacific  or  Great 
Northern  Railway,  the  looming  on  the  horizon  of 
one  of  these  ungainly  structures  will  often  be  the 
first  sign  of  an  approaching  town. 

Since  this  period  Minneapolis  has  become  the 
greatest  flour-milling  center  in  the  world.  It  could 
hardly  be  otherwise.  The  Red  River  Valley  has 
been  called  "  the  bread  basket  of  the  world,"  and 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND   ST.  PAUL 


95 


Minneapolis  holds  in  its  grasp  the  long  spout-like 
handle  though  which  a  continuous  stream  of  grain 
is  fed  to  its  elevators  and  mills.  It  seems  as  if  all 
the  busy  life  of  this  city  buzzed  and  hummed  be- 
cause of  lumber  and  grain.  Twenty-four  flour  mills 
with  a  capacity  of  88,000  barrels  a  day  must  mean 
that  many  people  are  working.  There  are  fifty-one 
elevators  in  Minneapolis  holding  over  40,000,000 
bushels,  with  machinery  for  weighing  and  lifting 
the  grain,  cleaning  it,  and  spouting  it  into  the 
mills  or  waiting  cars.  This  grain  is  brought  from 
the  country  elevators  by  the  train-load,  and  during 
the  rush  season  in  early  fall  terminal  elevators, 
railroads,  and  storage  yards  are  doing  a  mighty 
business.  The  following  clipping  from  the  New 
York  Times  will  show  how  long  beforehand  this 
movement  of  the  crop  eastward  must  be  planned 
for:  — 

10,000  NEW 

GRAIN  CARS 

Northwestern  Railroads  Need  Them 
to  Move  the  Crops 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN.,  July  22.  — 
Nearly  10,000  grain  cars  are  being  built 
by  roads  having  headquarters  and  ter- 
minals in  the  Twin  Cities  according  to 
officials  of  the  roads  to-day,  who  de- 
clared that  the  cars  would  be  rushed 
to  grain-producing  points  in  order  that 
there  may  be  no  dearth  of  rolling  stock. 

Officials  say  that  every  one  of  the 
new  cars  will  have  been  distributed 
throughout  the  Northwest  by  Septem- 
ber i. 


96  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Imagine  the  endless  lines  of  freight  cars  which 
roll  into  Minneapolis  during  September  and  Oc- 
tober !  To  empty  these,  switch  them  out  of  the 
way,  and  send  them  westward  again  is  a  knotty 
problem  for  the  railroads.  As  soon  as  the  grain 
arrives  it  must  be  inspected,  and  each  morning 
State  inspectors  go  to  the  railroad  yards,  take  sam- 
ples of  the  grain,  examine,  and  grade  it.  In  1909 
over  130,000,000  bushels  of  grain  were  received  in 
Minneapolis.  Where  did  the  money  come  from  to 
pay  for  such  an  amount  ?  Just  as  the  railroads  plan 
ahead  for  cars  to  move  the  grain  crop,  so  must  the 
bankers  arrange  to  have  money  in  their  vaults  to 
meet  this  demand.  As  the  crops  move  east,  gold 
moves  west,  so  that  the  fall  is  the  bankers'  rush 
season  as  well,  when  it  is  not  uncommon  for  them 
to  £>ay  out  half  a  million  dollars  in  a  day.  This 
money  comes  back  to  the  cities  in  various  ways; 
farmers  buy  tools  and  farming  machines  here,  mill- 
ers their  machinery  as  well  as  flour  barrels  and 
bags,  and  the  farmers'  wives  and  daughters  send 
to  the  "  Twin  Cities  "  for  pianos  and  sewing-ma- 
chines, the  latest  books  and  household  conven- 
iences. Thus  it  is  that  the  "Twin  Cities"  have 
become  the  great  financial  center  of  these  North- 
ern States  as  well  as  their  industrial  and  trading 
metropolis. 

Perhaps  by  this  time  your  thoughts  have  leaped 
ahead  and  you  are  questioning  if  what  is  true 
of  these  cities  in  one  great  wheat  section  of  the 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND   ST.  PAUL 


97 


THE  MILLING  DISTRICT  OF  MINNEAPOLIS 

Note  the  grain  elevator,  the  falls  supplying  power  to  the  mills,  and  the  bridges 
connecting  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis.  In  the  distance  may  be  traced  the  line 
of  the  level  prairie. 

United  States  is  true  also  in  other  wheat  cen- 
ters across  the  seas.  This  will  be  an  interesting 
quest  for  you  to  follow,  and  before  you  have  looked 
very  long  you  will  be  certain  to  spy  out  Budapest, 
the  capital  of  Hungary.  This  city  has  so  many 
parallels  with  our  "  Twin  Cities  "  that  it  will  be 
worth  while  to  consider  them.  Buda,  the  old  town, 
and  Pest,  the  newer  city,  have  long  been  towns  of 
importance.  Standing  where  rocky  walls  and  a 
large  island  in  the  river  offered  the  best  place  for 
bridging  the  Danube  before  it  spread  out  on  the 
open  plain,  roads  from  the  west  and  north  con- 
verged across  this  bridge  to  radiate  to  the  towns 
of  Hungary  on  the  east  and  south.  Budapest,  the 


98  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

now  united  city,  is  therefore  an  important  railroad 
junction.  To  this  central  point  have  been  brought 
since  early  times  the  wheat  and  corn  of  the  fertile 
acres  of  Hungary,  to  be  ground  into  flour  and  meal 
and  distributed  among  the  cities  of  Europe.  As  a 
flour  city,  Budapest  has  long  been  famous ;  and 
though  Minneapolis  has  left  it  far  behind  in  the 
race,  it  has,  in  a  certain  sense,  been  the  "  mother" 
of  the  inventions  which  have  made  the  "New 
Process"  flour  of  Minneapolis  mills  known  the 
world  over. 

We  may  follow  our  comparisons  between  these 
cities  even  further.  Both  city  groups  are  on  navi- 
gable rivers.  Each  is  at  the  outpost  of  a  rich  ter- 
ritory; Hungary  has  her  fertile  open  prairies 
like  those  of  the  "Twin  Cities";  the  mountains 
north  of  Budapest  are  densely  forested  and  con- 
tain mineral  wealth,  and  though  the  pine  forests 
of  Minnesota  are  now  no  more,  there  is  still  un- 
told wealth  in  the  low  iron  ranges  of  the  Height 
of  Land;  Budapest  was  selected  by  the  Romans 
as  a  site  for  a  camp  or  fort  to  guard  the  frontier  of 
their  dominion,  and  you  have  seen  how  the  "  Twin 
Cities "  were  linked  with  the  erection  of  Fort 
Snelling.  Strange  as  the  likeness  may  seem,  all 
these  cities  look  down  on  wooded  islands.  The 
outdoor  loving  Budapestians  play,  bathe,  and  eat 
in  their  city  park  on  Margaret  Island  ;  on  Harriet 
Island  the  boys  and  girls  who  live  in  the  crowded 
part  of  St.  Paul  have  a  delightful  summer  play- 


MINNEAPOLIS  AND   ST.  PAUL  99 

ground,  and  the  upper  end  of  Nicollet  Island  was 
formerly  a  fashionable  residence  district  of  Min- 
neapolis. 

In  some  respects  the  Old  World  city  is  ahead 
of  its  new  rival;  its  streets  are  cleaner,  and  its  in- 
habitants take  life  more  leisurely  and  have  more 
time  to  play.  When  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  are 
as  old  as  their  Hungarian  twin,  they  may  have 
learned  more  wisdom.  As  it  is,  they  have  done  so 
much  in  fifty-four  years  that  we  may  forgive  them 
this  fault.  Who  would  have  dreamed  that  in 
little  more  than  half  a  century  a  city  group  of  over 
500,000  people  would  replace  a  wilderness !  The 
city  builders  who  did  this  work  did  not  confine 
their  efforts  to 
creating  big  in- 
dustries alone; 
they  were  wiser 
than  that. 

Schools  went 
up  side  by  side 
with  sawmills 
and  flour-mills, 
and  the  great 

C*  i.      t          T  T        *  Copyriykt.  Swttt.  Minntapolu. 

btate  Universi-         THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA 
ty  at  Minneap- 
olis offers  to  the  poorest  child   the  possibilities 
of  a  college  education.  Of  late  years  both  cities 
have  drawn  within  their  limits  a  series  of  parks 
that  can  hardly  be  matched  for  loveliness.  Lakes, 


ioo  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

ravines,  the  romantic  Minnehaha  Falls,  wooded 
ridges,  the  bordering  river  bluffs,  make  an  en- 
chanting whole  which  offers  health  and  happiness 
to  the  future  as  well  as  to  the  present  inhabitants 
of  the  "  Twin  Cities." 

QUESTIONS    FOR   STUDY 

1.  Learn  the  location  of  each  of  the  city  groups  mentioned 
in  this  chapter.   Look  for  other  twin  cities  on  the  map  of 
the  United  States.  What  city  is  opposite  Omaha  ?  Kansas 
City?  Cincinnati? 

2.  Point  out  on  the  map  the  territory  known  as  the  Louis- 
iana Purchase.  What  river  drains  this  territory?   What 
two  rivers  did  Fort  Snelling  control  ?  Show  how  its  loca- 
tion was  important  in  those  early  days.    What  do  you 
mean  by  a  frontier  ? 

3.  Group  together  those  capital  cities  of  the  United  States 
which  are  centrally  located  ;  those  which  are  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State  ;  those  which  are  in  the  western  part. 
Which  of  these  three  locations  is  most  common  ? 

4.  What  reason  can  you  give  for  the  selection  of  these  cities 
as  capitals:   Boston,   Carson   City,   Cheyenne,  Albany? 
Remember  that  the  capital  should  be  near  the  center  of 
population  of  the  State.  For  what  reason  ? 

5.  Compare  the  picture  of  the  State  Capitol  at  St.  Paul  with 
that  of  Denver.  Tell  something  of  the  view  you  would 
get  from  each  building. 

6.  Name  other  cities  besides  Minneapolis  that  have  grown 
up  at  waterfalls.    What  group  of  States  contains  many 
such  cities  ?  What  are  the  chief  occupations  in  these  cities  ? 
Give  examples. 

7.  Examine  the  label  on  the  bag  or  barrel  of  flour  you  have 
at  home.  Did  the  flour  come  from  Minneapolis  ?  Describe 
the  route  it  took. 


MINNEAPOLIS   AND   ST.  PAUL         101 

8.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States  locate  Minneapo- 
lis, Duluth,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City, 
Toledo,  Buffalo,  Portland  (Ore.).  Why  should  these  cities 
be  grain  and  flour  centers  ?  Which  are  located  on  or  near 
the  Great  Lakes?  Print  the  name  of  the  State  in  which 
each  is  situated.  Give  a  title  to  this  map. 

9.  On  the  map  used  in  Exercise  8,  draw  the  route  of  the 
export  wheat  sent  from   Duluth   to   New  York  via  the 
Lakes;  from   Kansas  City  and   St.  Louis  to   Baltimore. 
Which  distance  is  shorter  ?  Which  route  is  more  level  ? 
Write  these  facts  neatly  on  your  map. 

io.  Write  a  comparison  between  the  "Twin  Cities"  and 
Budapest,  telling  how  they  are  alike  and  how  different. 
Do  this  either  in  composition  form,  or  in  a  chart  as  sug 
gested  below :  — 

TWO    "  TWIN  CITIES  " 

NEW  WORLD  OLD  WORLD 

Minneapolis  —  St.  Paul  Budapest 


ii.  Tell  in  one  or  two  paragraphs  what  your  home  locality 
has  done  to  provide  outdoor  recreation  for  its  citizens. 
If  you  have  no  parks  or  playgrounds  what  steps  could 
school  children  take  to  help  secure  them  ? 

EXERCISES    FOR   WORLD    REVIEW 

WHEAT    HARVEST   CALENDAR 
Wheat  is  harvested  Somewhere  every  Month  in  the  Year 

January,  Australia,  Chile,  Argentina. 

February-March,  Upper  Egypt,  India. 

April,  Lower  Egypt,  India,  Syria,  Persia,  Mexico,  Cuba. 

May,  Texas,  Algeria,  China,  Japan. 


102  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

June,  California,  Oregon,  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Virginia, 

Carolinas,  Colorado,  Greece,  Italy,  Spain. 

July,  New  England,  and  Middle  Atlantic  States,  Illinois, 

Nebraska,  Canada  (east),  Roumania,  Austria- 
Hungary,  Russia  (south),  Germany,  south  of 
England,  France. 

August,  Central  and  Northern  Minnesota,  Manitoba,  British 

Columbia,  Belgium,  central  Russia. 

September-October,  Scotland,  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  north  of  Russia. 

November,  Peru,  South  Africa. 

December,  Burmah,  New  South  Wales. 

1.  Arrange  this  calendar  in  the  form  of  a  large  clock-face, 
substituting  the  months  for  the  hours  of  the  day.  With  a. 
movable  hour-hand  attached  by  a  pin  or  paper  fastener 
you  can  keep  the  class  informed  from  month  to  month 
where  wheat  is  being  harvested. 

2.  Explain  why  the  wheat  harvest  of  Argentina  is  in  Janu- 
ary, and  why  wheat  should  ripen  in  Upper  Egypt  before 
it  does  in  Lower  Egypt.  Which  is  nearer  the  Equator  ? 

3.  Be  able  to  point  out  on  the  map  every  country  named  in 
the  "  Wheat  Calendar."    Compare  all  these  countries  as 
to  their  latitude.  Which  is  farthest  from  the  Equator? 
When  is  its  wheat  harvest? 


CHICAGO,  OUR  INLAND  METROPOLIS 

CHICAGO,  more  than  any  of  the  Repre- 
sentative Cities,  has  been  favored  with  a 
variety  of  nicknames,  some  of  these  orig- 
inating in  a  spirit  of  playfulness,  others  in  all  seri- 
ousness, as  descriptive  of  what  the  city  really  is. 
Of  the  latter  sort  is  the  name  selected  for  the 
heading  of  this  chapter — Chicago,  'metro  polis, 
the  mother  or  chief  city  of  the  vast  inland  region 
lying  between  the  Rockies  and  the  Alleghanies. 
The  prettiest  nickname,  however,  which  has  been 
given  to  Chicago  is  that  of  "  The  Garden  City," 
a  name  that  brings  to  mind  the  rolling  prairies 
that  stretch  away  from  it  on  all  sides  but  one. 
These  prairies  of  Cook  County  form  one  of  the 
richest  agricultural  districts  of  the  Prairie  State, 
and  all  about  Chicago  the  country  is  like  one 
great  farm  on  which  is  raised  food  for  the  people 
of  the  city,  and  such  an  abundance  of  flowers  that 
in  the  height  of  the  season  Chicago  daily  exports 
thousands  of  roses  and  carnations.  Unlike  most 
great  cities,  it  has  saved  its  gardens  from  destruc- 
tion as  it  has  spread  out  over  the  prairie,  and  has 
turned  them  into  acres  of  wooded  parks  and  broad 
shaded  streets  called  boulevards,  these  forming  a 
nearly  complete  chain  around  the  city.  To-day 
Chicago  leads  all  cities  of  the  United  States  in  the 


104 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


number  of  children's  playgrounds;  and  these  are 
so  scattered  through  the  city  that  some  one  field 
for  recreation  is  within  the  reach  of  every  child. 
What  wonderful  playgrounds  they  are,  and  how 
completely  they  are  provided  with  means  of  amuse- 
ment! There  are  swimming  and  wading  pools, 


ONE  OF  THE  MANY  PLAYGROUNDS 

A  wading  pool,  and  a  house  for  indoor  recreations  are  unusual  features.  Other 
parts  of  the  playground  provide  space  for  all  sorts  of  athletic  sports. 

shower  baths,  assembly  halls,  clubrooms,  gymna- 
siums, reading-rooms,  lunch  counters,  ball  and 
tennis  fields,  as  well  as  sand-piles,  swings,  slides, 
and  other  things  to  tempt  boys  and  girls  to  play 
and  exercise.  With  these  opportunities  the  chil- 
dren of  "  The  Garden  City  "  are  perhaps  in  a  fairer 
way  to  grow  up  healthier  and  happier  than  those 
of  many  a  smaller  city. 

Strangers  who  visit  Chicago  during  March  or 
November  often  think  it  is  rightly  called  "  The 
Windy  City";  but  the  strong  west  winds  are  a 


CHICAGO  105 

blessing,  even  if  in  disguise,  blowing  the  smoke  of 
the  factories  away  from  the  city,  thus  keeping  it 
healthful.  As  for  the  easterly  winds  that  blow  across 
Lake  Michigan,  theChicagoans  are  grateful  to  them 
for  cooling  the  city  during  the  hot  summer  days  and 
nights  that  at  some  time  or  other  between  June 
and  September  must  be  the  fate  of  all  places  in 
this  continental  interior. 

Situated  in  a  region  of  almost  inexhaustible 
soil,  blessed  with  a  long  warm  growing  season  and 
abundant  rainfall,  you  are  not  surprised  to  learn 


MICHIGAN  AVENUE  AND  THE  LAKE  FRONT 

Note  the  tracks  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  the  raised  driveway  over  these 
tracks,  the  beach,  the  bath  house,  and  the  pleasure  boats.  At  the  horizon  is  the 
line  of  the  breakwater. 

that  Chicago  lies  in  one  of  the  most  productive 
valleys  in  the  world,  and  has  often  been  declared 
to  be  the  greatest  food  market  in  the  world.  At 
this  point  there  springs  to  your  mind  the  thought 


io6  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

of  other  fertile  valleys  on  the  globe,  valleys  such 
as  the  Ganges  and  the  Nile,  that  support  a  dense 
population.  Let  us  see  what  the  Mississippi  Valley 
has  to  offer  in  comparison  with  these.  Within  a 
night's  ride  of  Chicago  live  40,000,000  people. 
This  territory  stretches  from  Minneapolis  and  St. 
Paul  on  the  north  to  Nashville  on  the  south,  from 
Omaha  on  the  west  to  Pittsburgh  on  the  east,  and 
it  includes  many  large  cities.  The  things  man  most 
needs  are  cereals,  lumber,  live  stock,  steel,  copper, 
clay,  fuel;  all  these  are  found  in  or  near  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  and  by  means  of  its  navigable 
waters  and  level  surface,  transportation  and  travel 
have  been  made  so  easy  that  these  many  millions 
of  people  are  able  to  live  largely  on  the  products 
of  the  land  about  them ;  yet  all  of  them  look  to  the 
great  central  market  by  the  Lake  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  these  products. 

The  center  of  the  wheat  area  of  the  United 
States  is  in  Iowa,  four  hundred  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago. As  the  crop  moves  eastward  it  must  pass 
through  Chicago,  and  the  city  profits  by  this  transit. 
In  1838  seventy-eight  bushels  of  wheat  left  Chicago 
for  Buffalo.  Seventy  years  later,  10,000,000  bushels 
were  shipped.  About  one  third  of  the  corn  crop 
of  the  country  is  fed  to  hogs,  and  most  of  these  go 
to  market  by  way  of  Chicago.  The  oat  and  hay 
crop  are  fed  to  live  stock,  and  Chicago  is  known 
the  world  over  as  the  greatest  live-stock  market 
and  meat-packing  center.  In  one  year  9,000,000,000 


CHICAGO 


107 


SOUTH  WATER  STREET 


eggs  were  brought  to  Chicago ;  pineapples  come  in 
fourteen  days  from  Honolulu,  bananas  from  Cen- 
tral America,  oranges  from  California  and  Florida, 
apples  from  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Michigan, 
peaches  and  grapes  from  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  in  the  winter  plums  and  pears  from  South 
Africa.  So  Chicago  has  become  the  great  food 
distributor  of  a  large  part  of  the  Mississippi  Basin, 
and  the  South  Water  Street  Market  along  the 
Chicago  River  is,  as  you  would  expect,  one  of  the 
most  interesting  sights  of  the  city.  But  you  must 
get  up  early  if  you  want  to  see  it  at  its  busiest. 

By  this  time  you  must  have  begun  to  realize 
that,  if  all  the  products  which  feed,  shelter,  and 


io8  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

clothe  the  people  of  the  Middle  West  are  distrib- 
uted  through  Chicago,  it  must  itself  be  a  great 
railroad  terminal.  It  is  more  than  this;  it  is 
the  greatest  transportation  center  in  the  world. 
Twenty-seven  separate  roads  make  a  terminal  of 
Chicago,  and  fifteen  hundred  passenger  trains 
leave  and  enter  daily.  It  is  the  distributing  point 
to  all  points  west,  and  the  collecting  point  for 
western  products  to  be  sent  east;  for  it  lies  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  a  great  east  and  west  water- 
way, and  at  the  northern  terminus  of  an  east  and 
west  land  route.  Lake  Michigan,  three  hundred 
miles  long,  cuts  across  lines  of  traffic  so  that  land 
routes  are  forced  to  center  round  the  southern  end 
of  the  lake.  Thus  routes  of  communication  radiate 
from  Chicago  like  the  sticks  of  an  open  fan. 
Through  railroads  reach  east  to  Montreal,  Boston, 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore;  south  to  Sa- 
vannah, Atlanta,  Mobile,  New  Orleans,  Galveston; 
west  to  Los  Angeles,  San  Francisco,  Portland, 
Seattle,  and  Vancouver.  From  the  port  of  Chi- 
cago seventeen  steamship  lines  send  vessels  to  all 
points  between  Duluth  and  Buffalo.  When  the 
harbor  improvements  are  completed,  Chicago  will 
have  one  of  the  finest  inland  harbors  in  the  world ; 
and  the  people  of  the  Middle  West,  who  are  not 
content  with  doing  things  in  any  small  way,  have 
already  begun  to  think  about  a  Lakes-to-the-Gulf 
Deep  Waterway  which  will  bring  tidewater  to  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  thus  centering  sixteen 


CHICAGO 


109 


thousand  miles 
of  navigable 
waterways  at 
the  city. 

Naturally  a 
city  where  raw 
material  is  so 
easy  to  get  will 
develop  manu- 
facturing. Meat 
packing  is  Chi- 
cago's greatest 
local  industry, 
though  others 
are  not  far  be- 
hind. In  the 
stock  yards  cat- 
tle and  hogs  are 
killed,  meat  pre- 
pared, and  by- 
products (lard, 
butterine,  gela- 
tine, ammonia, 
soap,  glycerine, 
candles,  glue, 
fertilizers,  and 
knife  handles) 
made. 

The  McCor- 
mick  Harvesting 


THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO 

The  principal  railroads  entering  Chicago  are  :  the 
New  York  Central ;  the  Pennsylvania ;  the  Illinois 
Central;  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  ;  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington,  and  Quincy  ;  the  Michigan  Cen- 
tral ;  the  Wabash  ;  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan 
Southern. 


Machine  Company  is  the  largest 


I  io  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

concern  in  the  world  making  farming  implements. 
The  iron,  steel,  and  lumber  out  of  which  these 
machines  are  made  is  right  at  hand,  and  near  by 
are  the  level  prairies  where  these  reaping  and 
harvesting  machines  are  needed.  In  South  Chi- 
cago are  immense  mills  where  steel  from  Lake 
Superior  iron  ore  is  rolled  into  rails,  wire,  and 
girders.  The  Pullman  Company  makes  sleeping, 
dining,  and  parlor  cars ;  indeed,  one  cannot  travel 
anywhere  about  the  United  States  without  using 
some  product  of  the  Chicago  factories  to  speed 
him  on  his  way.  Chicago  is  one  of  the  largest 
lumber  markets  in  the  world,  manufacturing  fur- 
niture, wagons,  barrels,  cars,  musical  instruments. 
etc.  It  has  large  breweries,  makes  railway  sup 
plies,  prints  books,  and  makes  clothing.  It  does 
all  these  things  because  it  can  lay  its  hand  on  all 
kinds  of  raw  materials  brought  by  rail  and  water. 
The  little  Chicago  River,  which  divides  the  city 
into  three  natural  divisions,  is  a  giant  in  commerce, 
the  tonnage  of  its  yearly  trade  being  greater  than 
that  of  the  Suez  Canal.  Grain  elevators,  coal  and 
lumber  yards,  grimy  warehouses  and  factories 
line  its  banks,  and  it  is  crossed  by  numerous 
bridges.  It  is  not  a  pretty  river,  but  if  you  enjoy 
seeing  life  and  movement  you  would  do  well  to 
stand  near  one  of  the  curious  "lift"  bridges  and 
watch  the  ceaseless  traffic  passing  across  it  or  up 
and  down  the  surface  of  the  dark  waters.  Into 
this  busy  hive  of  industry  come  workers  from  the 


CHICAGO 


in 


ends  of  the  earth,  drawn  here  by  the  opportunity 
to  earn  a  living.  As  the  level  prairie  sets  no  limit 
to  the  extent  of  the  city,  one  of  the  big  problems 
Chicago  is  try- 
ing to  solve  is, 
howtoget  these 
workers  from 
home  to  shop 
and  back  again. 
In  one  way 
Chicago  is  un- 
like any  other 
big  city  of  the 
world;  it  has  no 
ancient  history. 
Its  birthday  as  a 
city  is  March  4, 
1837,  an  infant 
among  the  cities.  Peking  was  built  by  Kublai 
Khan,  Emperor  of  China,  in  1267  A.D.,  Rome 
was  founded  750  B.C.,  and  London  was  already 
a  place  of  some  importance  when  the  Romans 
invaded  England  in  61  A.D.,  yet  Chicago  is 
larger  than  all  of  these  except  London.  It  can 
truly  be  said  to  be  "  The  Wonder  of  the  Age," 
perhaps  the  most  expressive  of  all  its  nicknames. 
Not  yet  one  hundred  years  old,  it  is  now  the  sec- 
ond city  of  the  United  States  and  stands  fourth 
in  population  among  the  cities  of  the  world.  It 
rose  as  if  by  magic  from  the  mud  of  a  prairie 


Courtesy,  Strauss  Balcule  Bridge  Co. 

A  "JACK-KNIFE"  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE 
CHICAGO  RIVER 

This  bridge  is  lifted  to  allow  a  boat  to  pass  through. 
Traffic  on  the  street  must  wait  until  the  bridge  is 
lowered.  Note  the  closed  bridge  in  the  distance. 


112  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

creek.  In  1830  a  gentleman  said,  "  We  crossed 
the  Chicago  River  by  means  of  a  grapevine  cable 
stretched  across  it."  In  1848  the  streets  were 
country  roads,  and  a  mud  hole  deeper  than  usual 
was  marked  by  a  signboard,  "  No  bottom,  the 
shortest  road  to  China."  An  old  hat  resting  on  the 
surface  of  the  mud,  where  its  owner  had  last  been 
seen,  with  the  placard  "  Man  Lost,"  was  a  familiar 
warning  where  not  to  go.  In  1823  Chicago  had 
seventy-five  inhabitants  ;  in  1910,  2,185,283.  In 


Courtety.  Chicago  ButoHeal  Society. 

CHICAGO  IN  i8-?i 


From  a  contemporary  sketch  made  by  the  wife  of  one  of  the  earliest  settlers. 

1836  its  exports  were  valued  at  $1000;  in  1911, 
they  were  worth  over  $7,000,000.  In  1836  its  im- 
ports were  valued  at  $325,000;  in  1907,  at  over 
$30,000,000.  These  facts  are  astonishing,  they 
are  true  of  no  other  city  in  the  world,  yet  there 
are  many  people  who  believe  that  another  century 
will  show  an  equally  remarkable  growth.  At  the 


CHICAGO 


MICHIGAN    AVENUE  AND  GRANT  PARK 
This  beautiful  street  follows  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

time  Chicago  received  its  charter,  there  were  only 
three  States  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  no  rail- 
roads west  of  Pennsylvania.  When  you  compare 
this  with  a  railroad  map  of  the  present  trunk  lines 
radiating  from  Chicago,  you  cease  to  wonder  at  the 
number  of  steel  mills  and  railway  supply  shops 
that  are  to  be  found  all  over  {he  Middle  West.  — 

Chicago  was  the  first  city  to  elect  a  woman  as  its 
Superintendent  of  Schools.  You  gather  from  this 
that  the  people  of  the  city  are  not  afraid  to  under- 
take things  that  have  never  been  done  before. 
They  have  built  a  Drainage  Canal  from  Lake 
Michigan  to  the  Mississippi  River,  costing  $35,- 
000,000,  which  carries  the  sewage  away  from  Lake 


114 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


Michigan,  the  source  of  the  city's  water  supply. 
This  canal  may  in  the  future  be  used  for  trans- 
portation as  well.  Chicago  has  the  largest  depart- 
ment store  in  the  world ;  its  employees,  numbering 
9000,  would  make  a  good-sized  town ;  so  you  see 
it  is  the  shopping  center  of  the  Middle  West  as 
well  as  its  market. 

Of  the  people  that  make  up  this  teeming  city 
there  are  English,  Irish,  Greeks,  Syrians,  Germans, 

Dutch,  Russians, 
Poles,  Italians, 
Swiss,  French, 
Chinese,  Scan- 
dinavians, Bohe- 
mians, and  col- 
ored people.  For 
these  people 
daily  newspapers 
are  published  in 
many  languages, 

and  at  Hull  House  men-  and  women,  boys  and 
girls,  of  every  race  and  creed  and  color,  meet  to- 
gether to  play,  to  dance,  or  to  study,  and  to  learn 
that  they  are  "brothers  and  sisters  all "  under  our 
American  flag. 

Mr.  James  J.  Hill,  the  builder  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railroad, says:  "  When  the  Pacific  Coast 
States  shall  have  a  population  of  20,000,000,  as 
they  will,  then  Chicago  will  be  the  largest  city  in 
the  world."  Its  citizens,  looking  ahead  to  this  day, 


LAKE  SHORE  DRIVE 
One  of  the  many  boulevards. 


CHICAGO  115 

are  now  planning  to  make  it  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful, healthful,  and  delightful  cities  of  our  land. 
Paris  has  been  made  the  most  beautiful  city  of 
Europe  by  the  wisdom  and  genius  of  its  people. 
Chicago  is  working  toward  this  ideal. 

QUESTIONS  FOR   STUDY 

1.  On  the  map  of  the  United  States  in  your  geography  text- 
book measure  the  distance  from  Chicago  to  Omaha.  Lay 
off  this  distance  on  a  slip  of  paper.  Using  this  distance 
as  a  radius,  draw  a  circle  on  the  map  with  Chicago  as  the 
center.  If  you  have  a  pencil  compass,  this  will  be  easy; 
if  not,  use  pencil  and  a  string  the  proper  length.  How 
many  large  cities  do  you  find  on  the  map  included  in  this 
circle  ?  Name  them. 

2.  Draw  this  circle  in  color  on  an  outline  map  of  the  United 
States.  Print  names  of  States  included,  and  names  of  chief 
cities.  Give  this  exercise  an  appropriate  title. 

3.  Why  could  the  area  within  this  circle  be  rightly  called  the 
hinterland  of  Chicago  ? 

4.  What  lake  and  what  river  does  the  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal  connect?    This  canal  makes  Chicago  belong  to 
what  two  river  systems  ? 

5.  Name  and  locate  the  canals  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  Tell  what  bodies  of  water  each  connects  and  the 
importance  of  each. 

6.  What  difficulties  does  so  winding  a  river  as  the  Missis- 
sippi present  to  the  making  of  a  Lakes-to-the-Gulf  Deep 
Waterway  ?  Show  how  important  such  a  waterway  might 
become  after  the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

7.  Name  and  locate  the  cities  between  Chicago  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  which  would  be  important  points  on  such  a 
waterway.  Locate  these  cities  and  this  waterway  on  an 
outline  map  of  the  United  States. 

8.  What  is  a  grain  elevator  ?  Where  are  they  located  in  Chi- 


ii6  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

cago  ?  Explain  as  much  in  detail  as  you  can  how  the  stor 
age  and  shipment  of  wheat  adds  to  the  business  and  pop- 
ulation of  Chicago. 

9.  Does  the  place  you  live  in  export  any  manufactures  or  raw 
material  ?  What  articles  are  brought  into  your  home  local- 
ity? Which  are  of  greater  value  in  the  course  of  a  year, 
the  exports  or  the  imports?  (Make  inquiries  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  or  of  a  leading  merchant.)  How  was  this  in  Chi- 
cago in  1836  ?  In  1907  ?  How  do  the  exports  and  imports 
of  the  United  States  compare  in  value?  (Consult  the  tables 
of  "  Exports  and  Imports,"  Appendix,  page  206.) 

10.  On  a  map  of  the  United  States  measure  the  distance  from 
Chicago  to  New  York  ;  from  Chicago  to  New  Orleans. 
Traveling  forty-five  miles  an  hour,  how  long  would  it  take 
to  make  these  journeys?  Compare  these  distances  with 
that  between  Bombay  and  Calcutta  (overland)  ;  London 
and  Constantinople  ;  Denver  and  San  Francisco. 

11.  Which  is  the  longest  of  all  the  distances  in  Exercise  10? 
The  shortest  ? 

12.  On  a  map  of  the  United  States  trace  the  route  from  your 
home  to  Chicago.    How  long  does  it  take  to  make  the 
journey?  What  would  you  like  best  to  see  in  Chicago? 

13.  Study  the  picture  of  the  South  Water   Street  Market. 
What  problems  of  transportation   does   such   a  market 
present  to  a  city?  Is  there  a  central  market  in  the  place 
you  live  in  ? 

14.  Write  all  the  reasons  you  can  why  Chicago  is  the  greatest 
food  market  in  the  world. 

15.  What  is  a  by-product  ?  How  many  by-products  of  the  stock 
yards  are  mentioned  in  this  chapter  ?  Look  in  the  chapter 
on  Savannah  and  find  out  what  vegetable  by-products  are 
taking  the  place  of  these  animal  products. 

16.  Why  should  the  largest  furniture  factories  be  located  in 
the  Middle  West  ?  The  largest  factories  for  making  har- 
vesting machines  ?  The  largest  stock  yards? 

17.  What   foreign    countries   probably   use   the  McCormick 
harvesting  machines  ?  Write  a  letter  of  inquiry  about  this 


CHICAGO  117 

to  the  McCormick  Harvesting  Machine  Company  in  Chi- 
cago. Do  you  think  India  uses  these  machines  ?  Russia  ? 
Spain  ? 

18.  Where  does  Chicago  get  the  iron  for  her  steel  ?  The  coke? 
Why  should  there  be  a  big  demand  for  steel  rails,  steel 
girders,  and  bridge  work  in  the  Middle  West?  Examine 
the  picture  of  the  open  bridge  across  the  Chicago  River. 
Tell  how  this  river  serves  the  city. 

19.  At  what  points  do  you  imagine  the  Mississippi  is  bridged  ? 
Why? 

20.  What  foreign  countries  supply  workers  for  Chicago's  fac- 
tories and  mills  ?  Point  out  each  of  these  countries  on  the 
map.  From  what  ports  of  Europe  is  it  probable  that  these 
emigrants  sailed? 

21.  Is  there  any  foreign  population  in  your  home  locality?  If 
so,  find  out  what  these  people  are  doing  for  your  town. 
How  do  our  public  schools  help  to  make  American  citi- 
zens out  of  these  foreigners  ? 

22.  Use  your  history  textbook  and  find  out  which  were  the 
three  States  west  of  the  Mississippi  when  Chicago  received 
its  charter.  How  many  States  now  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi ?    Name  and  point  to  them  on  the  map. 

23.  How  much  did  it  cost  Chicago  to  get  pure  drinking  water  ? 
Where  does  the  water  you  drink  come  from  ? 

24.  The  stock  yards  employ  about  6000  workers,  and  the  Mar- 
shall Field  Department  Store  about  9000.   How  do  these 
figures  compare  with  the  population  of  your  home  town 
or  city? 

EXERCISES    FOR  WORLD  REVIEW 

1.  Name  the  four  largest  cities  of  the  world.    Write  a  para- 
graph about  each,  comparing  them  as  to  age,  size,  loca- 
tion, people,  importance,  points  of  interest. 

2.  Name  and  locate  two  lake  cities  in  Europe,  one  in  Asia, 
and  one  in  Africa.  Try  to  find  out  which  of  these  are  on 
lines  of  railroad.  Tell  how  such  a  location  adds  to  the 
beauty  and  pleasure  of  city  life. 


PITTSBURGH,  THE  WORLD'S 
WORKSHOP 

UNLIKE  most  cities  of  the  United  States, 
Pittsburgh  —  the  burgh  or  city  of  Pitt  — 
began  as  a  fort.  This  fort  guarded  a  gate- 
way to  which  there  were  two  main  avenues  of 
approach,  one  from  the  north,  the  other  from  the 
south.  Once  inside  the  gate,  the  two  roads  melted 
into  one  broad  highway  which  led  westward  to  a 
vast  country,  where  riches  lay  hidden  in  the  rocks 
and  soil,  where  numberless  rivers  invited  to  easy 
travel,  and  where  the  climate  made  for  a  pleasant 
life.  We  do  not  wonder  that  ambitious  nations 
quarreled  over  the  possession  of  this  gate,  for  who- 
ever held  it  controlled  a  highway  of  a  thousand 
miles  leading  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Atlan- 
tic. Can  you  name  the  highroad  and  the  two  smaller 
waterways  whose  junction  forms  the  "  Point"  on 
which  the  fort  was  built?  What  flags  have  waved 
over  this  debatable  ground,  and  when  was  the  war- 
like name  of  fort  changed  to  the  peaceful  burgh,  or 
city?  Little  is  left  in  Pittsburgh  to-day  to  remind  us 
of  the  bloody  struggle  of  colonial  times.  At  the  tip 
of  the  Point,  in  the  center  of  a  tiny  green  square, 
is  a  small  six-sided  blockhouse  built  in  1764  to 
protect  the  early  settlers  from  the  hostile  Indians. 
It  stands,  with  its  stout  oak  timbers  and  massive 


PITTSBURGH 


119 


stone  foundation,  a  little  shrine  of  patriotism  in 
the  heart  of  a  workaday  world,  almost  as  hard  to 
find  as  a  needle  in  a  haystack,  it  is  so  surrounded 
by  freight  yards  and  warehouses. 

In  the  years  that  immediately  followed  the  close 
of  the  Revolution,  multitudes  came  from  the  East 
to  the  "  Gateway  of 
the  West,"  but  few 
settled  there ;  they 
were  either  bound 
for  the  "  Land  of 
Promise "  that  lay 
farther  west,  or  they 
were  traders  with  an 
eye  on  New  Orleans 
and  its  sugar,  cotton, 
and  molasses,  for 

which  there  was  in  the  North  an  ever-increasing 
demand.  The  coal  and  iron  that  was  to  make 
Pittsburgh  the  "Workshop  of  the  World"  lay 
practically  untouched  in  the  hills  which  surround 
the  city,  so  the  chief  importance  of  the  little  set-% 
tlement  was  as  a  break  in  transportation.  Those 
who  came  by  the  Allegheny  or  the  Monongahela 
River  had  to  change  their  cargoes  to  heavier 
barges  or  scows  before  shipping  through  the  gate 
on  the  broad  Ohio,  and  the  emigrants,  who  had 
pushed  their  way  over  the  mountains  along  rough 
roads  on  horseback  or  in  wagons,  found  it  con- 
venient to  rest  here  before  embarking  on  the 


THE  BLOCK  HOUSE  ON  "THE 
POINT" 


I2O 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


easier  stretch  of  their  journey.  Sometimes  the 
rush  of  travel  was  so  great  that  they  must  wait 
for  boats  to  be  built  to  take  them  down  the  river; 
in  the  mean  time  they  laid  in  provisions  and  other 
necessaries  for  the  journey.  Gradually  the  settle- 
ment became  a  trading  center,  the  principal  depot 
of  supplies  on  the  great  highway  from  East  to 
West.  This  was  the  second  stage  of  Pittsburgh, 
and  the  reason  for  the  growth  of  the  trade  center 

was  the  same  as 
that  which  led 
to  the  building 
of  the  fort.  "  I 
think  it  ex- 
tremely well  sit- 
uated for  a  fort, 
as  it  has  abso- 
lute command 
of  both  rivers," 
said  Washing- 
ton in  1753,  and 
time  has  proved 


PITTSBURGH  AND  THE  NEIGHBORING 
TOWNS 

The  principal  railroads  entering  Pittsburgh  are :  the 
Pennsylvania ;  the  Pittsburgh  and  Lake  Erie ;  the 
Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  and  St.  Louis; 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio ;  the  Wabash. 


ment  of  the 
young  surveyor 
was  correct. 


Here  the  Alle- 
gheny River  with  its  tributaries,  draining  the  north- 
western slope  of  the  Alleghany  plateau,  unites  with 
the  Monongahela  from  the  southwestern  slope. 


PITTSBURGH 


121 


The  Indian  trails  that  followed  the  river  valleys 
and  the  colonial  roads  that  zigzagged  over  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  met  here,  and  in  the  crotch 


AN  INTERIOR  OF  A  STEEL  PLANT 

of  the  Y  formed  by  the  rivers,  the  fort  was  built, 
the  trading  center  grew,  and  here  to-day  throbs 
the  heart  of  the  busy  manufacturing  center  which 
forms  the  Greater  Pittsburgh  of  to-day. 

If  you  will  look  in  your  geography  textbook  for 
a  map  of  the  world  showing  the  density  of  popu- 
lation, you  will  see  that  the  most  thickly  peopled 
areas  are  in  fertile  valleys,  where  the  climate  is 
good  and  routes  of  travel  are  easy.  Some  of  the 
oldest  civilizations  once  lived  and  still  flourish  in 
these  valleys.  This  is  because  in  such  localities 
the  three  necessities  of  life  —  food,  shelter,  cloth- 
ing—  are  easily  obtained.  But  though  the  Ohio 


122 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


and  its  tributaries  have  these  requisites  for  attract- 
ing and  supporting  a  large  population,  Pittsburgh 
has  something  more,  else  it  would  never  have 
outgrown  in  importance  the  "little  Pittsburghs" 
which  are  scattered  along  the  converging  valleys. 
Pittsburgh  is  the  "  capital  of  the  iron  world " 
because  it  possesses  inexhaustible  resources  and 


PITTSBURGH,  SHOWING  "THE  POINT" 
Study  this  view  and  the  one  opposite  in  connection  with  the  map  on  page  120. 

remarkable  transportation  facilities.  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie  has  said  that  it  is  the  best  distributing 
center  in  the  United  States.  It  is  these  advan- 
tages of  location  which  make  it  possible  for  Pitts- 
burgh not  only  to  lay  its  hand  on  varied  raw  ma- 
terials, but  to  send  its  manufactured  products  all 
over  the  world,  so  that  one  may  rightly  say  the 
world  is  the  market  of  the  city. 


PITTSBURGH 


123 


In  the  first  place,  all  the  railroads  run  down  the 
streams,  and  all  the  streams  finally  meet  in  the 
Ohio.  This  is  a  great  advantage  when  you  remem- 
ber that  the  country  around  Pittsburgh  is  furrowed 
by  deep  steep-sided  valleys,  across  which  railroads 
can  be  built  and  run  only  at  great  expense.  In  the 
hills  which  flank  these  valleys  are  enormous  veins 


PITTSBURGH,  THE  SECTION  INCLUDING  "THE  HUMP" 
"  The  Hump  "  is  shown  in  the  distance,  at  the  extreme  right. 

of  bituminous  coal  which  is  easily  mined.  In  many 
of  the  valleys  is  the  limestone  so  necessary  in  the 
making  of  iron ;  and  up  the  Monongahela  lies  a 
deposit  of  coking  coal,  which  is  made  into  coke  at 
Connellsville  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  steel. 
Iron  is  also  found  in  the  rocks  of  western  Penn- 
sylvania. Pittsburgh,  therefore,  had  to  be  an  iron 
center,  though  its  supply  of  ore  no  longer  comes 


124  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

from  Pennsylvania,  for  its  nearness  to  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  ease  and  quickness  of  transporta- 
tion on  these  waters  make  it  possible  to  bring  ore 
from  the  Lake  Superior  iron  mines  more  easily 
and  cheaply  than  it  can  be  dug  from  the  mines  in 
the  home  locality.  During  the  navigation  season 
a  continuous  stream  of  ore  slides  down  our  great 
inland  waterway  to  the  roaring  blast  furnaces  of 
the  "  Smoky  City."  At  Conneaut  and  Ashtabula 
it  leaves  the  ore  boats  and  is  transferred  by  ma- 
chinery to  cars,  which  are  hauled  rapidly  down  and 
across  the  Allegheny  Valley  to  Homestead,  Brad- 
dock,  Duquesne,  and  the  smelters  and  factories 
of  the  "  Little  Pittsburghs  "  along  the  way.  From 
this  great  distributing  center  the  finished  product 
radiates  north,  south,  east,  and  west.  The  "  Gate- 
way of  the  West "  has  become  the  "  Workshop  of 
the  World";  for  this  is  the  Age  of  Steel.  Our  big 
cities  must  be  built  of  fireproof  material,  so  Pitts- 
burgh makes  steel  beams  and  girders,  and  bolts  to 
rivet  them  together.  Steel  rails  and  locomotives 
from  Pittsburgh  are  used  in  Japan  and  China,  and 
steel  dining-cars,  provided  with  air-brakes  and 
window-glass,  made  in  Pittsburgh,  carry  passen- 
gers over  steel  bridges  made  in  the  "Iron  City." 
Pipes  for  the  new  aqueducts  of  New  York  and 
Los  Angeles  are  being  made  in  Pittsburgh,  and 
massive  castings  for  Panama,  pier  work  for  the 
Great  Lakes,  as  well  as  miles  of  telegraph  wire 
and  myriads  of  lamp  chimneys  and  bottles  form 


PITTSBURGH  125 

part  of  the  freight  that  leaves  the  city  daily.  Pitts- 
burgh armor  plate  encases  our  battleships,  and 
not  far  from  the  city  are  the  Westinghouse  Com- 
panies that  supply  the  world  with  electrical  appa- 
ratus, switches,  and  signals.  These  industries  are 
controlled  by  men  of  energy  and  forethought,  who 
do  their  planning  in  the  superb  towering  office 
buildings  on  that  "Point"  which  a  hundred  and 
twenty-five  years  ago  was  described  as  follows: 
"  Pittsburgh  is  inhabited  by  Scots  and  Irish  who 
-live  in  paltry  log  houses.  The  place,  I  believe,  will 
never  be  very  considerable." 

But  the  tale  of  what  Nature  has  done  for  Pitts- 
burgh is  not  yet  all  told.  Perhaps  you  have  thought 
it  curious  that  so  brittle  a  substance  as  glass  should 
be  made  in  the  "  Iron  City."  There  are  two  geo- 
graphical reasons  for  this.  In  the  valleys  of  west- 
ern Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia  lie  beds  of 
sand  suitable  for  making  glass.  The  presence  of 
this  sand  so  near  to  cheap  fuel  led  to  much  expe- 
rimenting in  glass-making  early  in  the  history  of 
the  city.  After  repeated  failures,  General  O'Hara, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  first  glass  factory,  made 
the  statement,  "To-day  we  made  the  first  bottle  at 
a  cost  of  $30,000."  About  twenty-five  years  ago 
it  was  found  that  the  supply  of  natural  gas  which 
had  been  used  for  lighting  the  city  was  abundant 
enough  to  use  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Since 
then  glass-making  has  "  boomed,"  until  Pittsburgh 
leads  the  world  in  the  production  of  plate  glass, 


126  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

makes  70,000  tons  of  pressed  glass,  and  so  many 
lamp  chimneys  that  the  product  of  one  year  if 
placed  end  to  end  would  reach  halfway  around  the 
globe.  Strange  to  say,  the  city  that  turns  out  the 
heavy  steel  bridges  that  bear  us  safely  over  deep 
waters  makes  another  product  that  floats  us  on  the 
surface  of  these  waters.  The  largest  cork  factory 
in  the  world  is  located  here,  one  firm  in  Pittsburgh 
owning  large  cork-oak  forests  in  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, and  making  corks,  life-preservers,  mats,  soles, 
and  floor  coverings. 

Many  factories  use  a  third  fuel  that  is  found  in 
the  apparently  inexhaustible  rocks  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  plateau,  namely,  oil.  This  like  the  gas  is 
piped  from  the  wells  to  the  factory.  Naturally 
Pittsburgh  makes  all  kinds  of  apparatus  for  drill- 
ing oil  and  gas  wells,  finding  a  demand  for  this 
machinery  in  every  oil  and  gas  field  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  every  foreign  country  where  oil  has 
been  discovered. 

The  weight  of  all  the  freight  that  passes  in  and 
out  of  a  city  is  called  its  "  tonnage  " ;  that  of  Pitts- 
burgh, however,  is  not  made  up  entirely  of  the  raw 
material  passing  into  the  city  and  the  manufactured 
articles  passing  out.  There  is  another  item  of  ex- 
port, which  added  to  all  the  rest  makes  the  ton- 
nage of  Pittsburgh  three  times  as  great  as  that  of 
New  York  and  Chicago,  twice  that  of  London,  and 
four  times  that  of  Paris.  This  item  is  coal.  Flat- 
boats  and  barges,  each  holding  from  1 2,000  to  1 4,000 


PITTSBURGH 


127 


A  FLEET  OF  COAL  BARGES  ON  THE  MONONGAHELA  RIVER 

Note  the  height  of  the  plateau  into  which  the  river  has  cut  its  valley. 

bushels,  are  built  into  a  compact  mass  and  pushed 
by  staunch  steamers  down  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi to  New  Orleans  and  to  towns  along  the 
South.  One  such  steamer  has  taken  a  load  of  coal 
down  the  Ohio  which  could  not  have  been  put 
on  a  train  eleven  miles  long.  When  the  river  is 
low  the  coal  traffic  is  tied  up  waiting  for  "  barge 
water" ;  but  after  spring  freshets  or  heavy  rains  an 
endless  procession  of  coal  flotillas  steams  down 
the  river,  and  it  is  possible  when  this  traffic  is  at 
its  busiest  to  cross  the  river  by  stepping  from 
barge  to  barge.  It  is  Pittsburgh  coal  that  runs  the 
cotton  gins  and  presses  of  Tennessee  and  the 
sugar  mills  and  refineries  of  Louisiana,  that  roasts 
the  coffee  in  New  Orleans,  and  goes  as  ballast  to 
the  fruit  ports  of  Central  America.  The  following 


128  REPRESENTATIVE  CITIES 

clipping  from  the  New  York  Times  shows  how 
important  this  coal  traffic  is  to  the  country  at 
large. 

BIGGEST  COAL 

SHIPMENT 

8,000,000  Bushels  on  Way  Down 

River  from  Pittsburgh 

District 

PITTSBURGH,  Aug.  30.  —  The  larg- 
est coal  shipment  in  the  history  of  the 
Pittsburgh  District  and  the  Ohio 
River  is  under  way  bound  for  Cin- 
cinnati, Louisville,  and  New  Orleans. 
The  shipment  aggregates  8,000,000 
bushels. 

On  account  of  recent  excessive  rains 
the  rivers  are  rising  rapidly  at  all 
points.  At  a  number  of  places  a  small 
flood  stage  is  anticipated  within  a 
short  time. 

Upward  of  1500  rivermen  are  em- 
ployed in  order  to  get  the  big  fleets 
away,  while  several  thousand  coal 
miners,  employed  by  river  coal  com- 
panies are  assured  steady  work  for 
many  months  to  come. 

Pittsburgh  has  one  of  the  most  picturesque  city 
sites  in  the  world.  This  can  be  best  appreciated 
by  ascending  the  heights  of  Mount  Washington 
across  the  Monongahela.  Cable  cars,  one  of  the 
novel  "  sights  "  of  the  city,  will  pull  you  up  the 
steep  incline,  where  from  its  brow  you  will  look 
down  on  a  scene  of  absorbing  interest.  This  is 


PITTSBURGH 


129 


what  a  recent  writer  has  said  about  it:  "The 
Point  of  Pittsburgh  presents  often  an  inspiring 
picture.  At  night  when  the  winds  are  driving  the 
smoke  away,  the  great  city  lies  in  light  like  a 
beautiful  battleship  at  anchor;  two  tides  rush 
silently  together  at  the  tip  of  the  sharp  dark  prow ; 
high  upon  lofty  buildings  twinkle  the  lights  on 
the  'bridge  ';  and  far  up  in  the  blue  dome  on  the 
summit  of  the  hill  glimmer  the  lights  at  the  head 
of  the  mast;  over  it  all,  now  and  again,  the  fire 
flames  from  Braddock  and  Homestead  flash  out 


Copyright,  R.   W.  Johnitm. 

THE  CARNEGIE  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS 

as  though  the  fire  boxes  under  a  thousand  boilers 
had  been  opened  or  a  hundred  broadsides  had 
been  suddenly  unmasked."1 

The  hills  and   rivers  which   give  the  city  its 

1  A.  B.  Hulbert,  in  The  Ohio  River. 


130  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

beauty  present  great  obstacles,  which  have  not  all 
been  conquered  as  yet.  Into  the  small  triangular 
area  known  as  the  "  Point"  is  crowded  the  busi- 
ness of  a  big  manufacturing  center.  Trolley  lines, 
railroads,  and  bridges  converge  here,  for  back  of 
the  "Point"  rises  the  "  Hump,"  and  beyond  are 
more  hills  given  over  to  residences,  parks,  churches, 
the  splendid  Carnegie  Museum,  Library,  and  Tech- 
nical Schools,  the  University  and  numerous  play- 
grounds. 

When  we  say  "  Pittsburgh,"  we  mean  the  Pitts- 
burgh district,  for  we  cannot  separate  from  the  city 
the  busy  workshops  along  the  rivers,  all  of  which 
depend  upon  the  city  at  the  river  forks.  Mills  and 
blast  furnaces  lie  on  both  sides  of  the  Mononga- 
hela,  making  a  continuous  line  of  steel  towns,— 
Homestead,  Braddock,  Duquesne,  and  others,  — 
all  turning  out  one  or  more  of  the  products  you 
have  read  about  in  this  chapter.  These  are  not 
pretty  towns ;  the  hills  rise  abruptly  three  hundred 
feet  above  the  river,  making  a  poor  foothold  for 
the  homes  of  those  who  must  live  near  their  work. 
Smoke  hangs  over  the  valley,  and  dust  from  the 
soft  coal  and  the  bare  hillsides  sifts  over  trees  and 
houses,  over  ugly  yards  and-  streets.  But  this  will 
not  always  be  so.  Pittsburgh  itself  is  not  the 
"Smoky  City"  it  used  to  be,  and  already  there 
are  some  bright,  pretty  spots  in  the  other  factory 
towns.  We  shall  learn  by  and  by  to  get  rid  of  the 
smoke,  to  clean  the  streets,  to  plant  trees,  to  build 


PITTSBURGH  131 

prettier  houses,  and  to  insist  on  more  healthful 
surroundings  for  those  who  work  in  mill  and  shop. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

1.  Tell  the  story  of  the  struggle  for  the  possession  of  the 
Gateway  of  the  West.    Look  up  additional  facts  in  your 
history  textbook,  and  as  you  tell  the  story  bring  out  the 
geographical  reasons  for  the  importance  of  this  Gateway. 

2.  Hunt  on  your  maps  for  the  ending  burgh  or  burg.    What 
does  it  mean?    What  is  a  burgher?   A  burgomaster?  In 
what  country  is  Edinburgh  ? 

3.  Describe  the  three  stages  of  Pittsburgh's  growth ;  as  a 
fort,  a  trading  center,  a  manufacturing  city.   Tell  how  it 
grew  from  one  to  the  other.    Write  this  for  your  weekly 
composition  and  illustrate  it  by  drawing  a  picture  of  the 
old  block-house  or  by  a  map  showing  the  location  of  the 
city. 

4.  Draw  a  sketch  map  or  plan  showing  the  location  of  Pitts- 
burgh and  the  "little  Pittsburghs."  Print  names  of  rivers 
and  towns  neatly. 

5.  On  map  drawn  in  Exercise  4,  place  the  meridian  of  Pitts- 
burgh. What  other  city  of  the  United  States  is  on  the 
same   meridian  ?    In   what  direction   from  Pittsburgh  is 
Panama  ?  When  it  is  noon  at  Pittsburgh,  what  time  will 
it  be  at  Panama  ?  At  Charleston  ?  At  all  places  on  that 
meridian  ? 

6.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States,  draw  the  route 
of  iron  ore  from  the  mines  in  Minnesota  to  the  blast  fur- 
naces at  Braddock.  Print  the  names  of  the  lakes  and  the 
States  bordering  each;  also  the  chief  shipping  ports. 

7.  On  the  map  used  in  Exercise  6,  draw  the  route  of  the 
coal  bargesrfrom  Pittsburgh  to  New  Orleans.  Print  neatly 
the  names  of  the  cities  where  coal  is  distributed.  Print 
also  the  name  of  each  State  passed  on  this  route. 


132  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

8.  Make  a  list  of  the  things  manufactured  in  Pittsburgh: 
add  to  the  list  given  in  this  chapter  if  possible. 

9.  Give  all  the  nicknames  of  Pittsburgh.    Explain  each. 

10.  Examine  the  views  of  the  city  on  pages  122  and  123. 
Why  are  the  buildings  so  tall  and  so  crowded  together  in 
the  business  section  ?  In  what  other  city  are  the  conditions 
similar? 

11.  During  what  months  is  the  coal  traffic  on  the  Ohio  likely 
to  be  very  active  ?  In  what  season  must  the  iron  mines 
in  the  Mesaba  ranges  shut  down  ?  When  is  all  traffic  on 
the  Great  Lakes  suspended  ?   What  industries  can  you 
name  that  are  dependent  on  change  of  season  ?  Is  there 
any  industry  in  your  home  locality  thus  dependent? 

12.  Is  there  any  association  in  the  place  where  you  live  for 
making  the  place  more  beautiful  ?    What  is  being  done  ? 
What  can  school-children  do  toward  this  end  ? 

13.  On  an  outline  map  of  North  America  draw  the  route  of 
oil  machinery  from  Pittsburgh  to  the  oil  fields  of  south- 
etn  California.  Do  you  think  it  likely  it  will  go  by  the 
Tehuantepec. route  or  overland?    What  port  in  southern 
California  is  the  nearest  to  the  oil  fields  of  California? 

14.  What  nationalities  labor  in  this  "  Workshop  of  the  World  "? 
If  they  are  to  become  good  Americans,  how  must  they  be 
taught  to  live?  Is  there  any  foreign  population  in  the 
place  where  you  live  ?  If  so,  what  nationalities  are  there  ? 
Why  are  they  there  ? 

EXERCISES   FOR  WORLD   REVIEW 

1.  Compare  the  location  of  Pittsburgh  with  that  of  Birming- 
ham and    Sheffield  in    England,  Glasgow  in    Scotland, 
Essen  in  Germany,  and  Philadelphia.  Why  have  all  these 
cities  developed  iron  and  steel  manufactures  ?  Which  city 
is  farthest  from  supplies  of  iron  ore  ? 

2.  Why  is  Birmingham,  Alabama,  called  "  The  Pittsburgh 
of  the  South  "  ? 


PITTSBURGH 


133 


3.  Consult  the  "  Rules  governing  the  Location  of  Cities  " 
(Appendix,  page  203)  and  learn  those  which  apply  best 
to  the  development  of  Pittsburgh. 

4.  Find  a  fertile  valley  in  each  continent  which  is  densely 
populated.  Name  a  city  in  each  of  these  valleys.  Arrange 
your  results  in  the  following  manner  :  — 

Some  Densely  Populated  Valleys  of  the  World 


Valley 

City 

Country 

Ganges 

Delhi 

India 

GARY 

WE  live  in  an  age  when  it  takes  a  great 
deal  to  astonish  us.  We  see  a  desert 
mad  j  to  bloom  like  a  garden,  we  travel 
from  place  to  place  in  tubes  under  the  ground,  and 
we  fasten  wings  unconcernedly  on  our  backs  and 
fly  over  land  and  sea.  In  spite  of  all  this,  the  story 
of  Gary  will  astonish  even  you,  growing  up  in  this 
wonder-working  century ;  the  more  so,  if  you  will 
look  back  along  the  vanishing  ages  at  the  brief 
record  of  a  famous  town  which  grew  the  way  most 
towns  and  cities  in  the  past  have  grown,  without 
much  forethought,  through  sad  mistakes,  by  re- 
peated destructions  and  rebuildings.  As  we  of  to- 
day, in  city-building  as  well  as  in  other  ways,  are 
profiting  by  the  mistakes  of  the  past,  this  brief 
glimpse  into  the  history  of  an  old  city  will  help 
you  better  to  appreciate  the  marvels  of  the  new. 

Many  hundred  years  ago  some  Roman  soldiers 
built  a  fort  on  a  river-bank  at  a  place  where  the 
stream  could  be  easily  crossed.  They  built  a  wall 
around  it  and  threw  a  bridge  across  the  river,  and 
stayed  there  four  hundred  years.  The  fort  grew 
into  a  walled  town  of  importance,  a  market-place 
and  some  temples  were  erected;  then  the  Romans 
left  the  city,  and  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  foreign 
peoples,  first  one,  then  another.  Two  hundred 


GARY  135 

years  pass.  The  walled  town  has  become  a  trad- 
ing center,  slaves  are  bought  and  sold  in  its  mar- 
ket, a  mint  supplies  the  people  with  coin  for  trad- 
ing, and  there  are  churches  for  them  to  pray  in. 
Houses  are  of  wood 
with  roofs  of  straw, 
and  they  are  hud- 
dled together  for 
protection.  After 
several  hundred 
years  the  town  is 
besieged,  and  the 
conquerors  put  up 
a  mighty  fortress 
with  a  great  square 
tower  to  show  how 
strong  they  are. 
Streets  are  narrow 
and  crooked ;  they 
are  little  used  ex- 
cept as  places  for 
refuse,  waste  from 
the  houses  being 
poured  into  them.  The  river  is  the  highway,  the 
watermen  are  the  cabmen.  Water  for  household 
use  is  brought  round  by  water  bearers  to  the  doors. 
Three  hundred  years  pass.  Many  times  during 
these  centuries  parts  of  the  town  are  burned,  and 
there  are  dreadful  plagues  because  the  place  is 
so  dirty  and  ill-smelling.  The  city  government 


Caurtcty,  The  Survey,  Stw  Torn. 

GARY'S  FIRST  RAILROAD   STATION 
THE  NEW  UNION  STATION 


136  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

issues  an  order  that  no  more  houses  can  be  built 
with  thatched  roofs,  and  the  magistrates  obtain 
the  .right  to  bring  good  water  into  the  city  in 
leaden  pipes.  Streets  are  still  unpaved  and  in  rainy 
weather  are  almost  impassable.  Again  there  is 
a  lapse  of  several  hundred  years  and  then  an  act 
is  passed  providing  for  the  city  to  be  sewered. 
One  hundred  years  pass.  The  king  orders  the 
streets  around  the  market  to  be  paved,  and  citi- 
zens are  required  to  hang  lighted  candles  out  of 
their  houses  on  dark  nights.  Sixty  years  pass.  A 
water  company  is  organized  to  bring  water  from 
a  distance  and  to  build  a  reservoir,  and  public 
lights  are  put  up  in  the  streets.  A  hundred  years 
go  by.  The  Roman  wall  by  this  time  has  disap- 
peared, and  neighboring  towns  have  become  part 
of  the  expanding  city.  Streets  are  paved  and 
sewered  and  lighted  by  gas.  Another  hundred  years 
pass,  bringing  the  story  to  the  present  century. 
In  this  slow  way  the  old  city  of  London  has  grown 
into  the  London  of  the  present,  the  largest  city  in 
the  world.  Many  bridges  carry  people  across  the 
river,  but  old  London  Bridge  is  the  most  traveled 
of  them  all.  There  are  palaces  and  art  galleries, 
brilliantly  lighted  streets  and  extensive  parks. 
Amid  all  this  modern  life  a  much-treasured  frag- 
ment of  the  Roman  wall  remains  to  tell  of  the  city's 
ancient  origin  and  of  its  many  destructions,  but 
there  is  no  record  of  what  it  has  cost  in  human 
lives  to  teach  men  how  to  live  in  cities. 


GARY 


137 


The  story  of  Gary  is  not  like  this.  Gary  did  not 
grow,  it  sprang  full-fledged  into  existence.  One 
day  in  the  year  1906,  a  magician  went  to  a  waste 
and  dreary  place  where  sand  lay  in  shifting  heaps 
and  sluggish  streams  crept  through  marshes  to  the 
lake,  and  waving  his  wand  over  the  sand  and  the 
marsh  and  the  scrub-oak,  said,  "  We  will  build  a  city 
—  here!"  And  behold,  in  three  years  15,000  peo- 
ple were  living  in  nice  little  homes,  on  broad 
paved  streets,  pro- 
vided with  electric 
lights,  pure  water, 
good  schools,  and 
many  other  things 
which  go  to  make 
up  city  life  nowa- 
days. 

But  who  was  the 
magician  and  what 
sort  of  town  did  he 
build?  Why  did  he 
choose  so  unlikely 
a  spot  and  think 
anyone  would  want  to  live  there?  Are  there  not 
cities  enough  already  on  our  central  prairies? 
These  questions,  which  you  are  quite  ready  to 
ask,  you  can  answer  yourselves  before  long,  per- 
haps before  you  reach  the  end  of  this  chapter. 

In  your  study  of  Pittsburgh  you  learned  some- 
thing of  the  great  demand  there  is  in  all  modern 


GARY  AND  ITS  SURROUNDINGS 

The  principal  railroads  entering  Gary  are: 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  the  Lake  Shore  and 
Michigan  Southern,  the  Michigan  Central, 
the  Pennsylvania,  the  Wabash. 


138  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

countries  for  iron  and  steel  products.  Though  the 
steel  mills  of  Pittsburgh,  as  well  as  those  in  Beth- 
lehem, Birmingham,  and  Chicago,  often  work  night 
and  day,  it  became  evident  some  years  ago  that 
the  growing  needs  of  the  future  could  be  met  only 
by  creating  a  new  steel  center.  Where  should  it 
be  located  and  who  should  build  it  ?  Not  one  man 
alone.  The  day  has  gone  by  when  one  man  can 
build  a  great  industrial  plant  such  as  this  would 
have  to  be,  and  run  it  himself.  The  mills  and  fac- 
tories that  supply  the  world  with  foodstuffs,  cloth- 
ing, and  building  materials  are  built  and  carried 
on  by  many  men,  united  into  business  organiza- 
tions in  order  to  manufacture  on  a  larger  scale  and 
more  efficiently  than  was  done  a  hundred  years 
ago.  It  was  such  a  body  of  men,  called  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  that  undertook  to  create 
not  only  the  most  perfect  steel  plant  in  the  world, 
but  at  the  same  time  to  provide  homes  for  those 
connected  with  the  industry,  and  to  do  this  in  a 
way  and  on  a  scale  unparalleled  in  history. 

They  chose  for  their  purpose  a  tract  of  waste 
land  in  Indiana  on  Lake  Michigan,  twenty-five 
miles  southeast  of  Chicago.  It  had  great  advan- 
tages so  far  as  location  was  concerned.  It  was 

0 

nearer  than  Pittsburgh  to  the  Lake  Superior  iron 
ores,  and  the  railroads  which  hugged  the  shore 
of  the  lake  ran  conveniently  near  the  limestone  of 
Michigan  and  Virginia,  the  coke  of  the  Alleghan- 
les,  and  the  coal  of  Illinois.  From  this  center  of 


GARY  139 

transportation  facilities,  the  manufactured  steel 
product  could  be  shipped  in  all  directions ;  more- 
over, there  was  plenty  of  room  for  growth,  and  the 
plans  of  this  corporation  looked  forward  to  a  great 
future. 

After  the  spot  was  selected,  the  magician's  work 
began.  There  was  no  possible  harbor  where  ore 
boats  could  land,  much  less  turn  around  and  go 
back,  only  a  long  straight  beach  backed  by  sand 
dunes  which  the  winds  chased  this  way  and  that. 
But  this  was  no  obstacle ;  the  magician  merely 
waved  his  wand,  and  a  harbor  was  made.  Out  of 
the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  there  grew  up  a  long 
sea  wall  to  break  the  force  of  the  winds  for  which 
the  lake  is  famous;  a  ship  canal  was  extended  into 
the  land  and  made  to  end  in  a  turning  basin  where 
half  a  dozen  1 2,ooo-ton  ore  boats  can  turn  easily 
around ;  the  Calumet  River,  which  ran  its  sluggish 
course  parallel  to  the  lake,  was  lifted  up  and  put 
into  a  new  channel  dug  for  it;  and  as  if  all  this 
were  not  enough  to  show  that  a  wizard  was  at 
work,  three  railroads  which  lay  in  the  way  of  the 
proposed  mills  were  taken  up  bodily  and  laid  down 
again  back  from  the  lake  front.  While  this  was 

o 

going  on,  steam  shovels  were  leveling  the  hills  and 
filling  up  hollows,  and  surveyors  were  laying  out 
streets.  Then  a  tunnel  was  dug  far  out  under  the 
lake  for  a  supply  of  pure  water;  conduits  for  gas 
and  electric  lights  were  laid  alongside  sewers  and 
water  mains;  streets  were  paved;  an  old  trail  in  the 


140  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

woods  became  Broadway,  one  hundred  feet  wide 
and  four  miles  long ;  trees  were  transplanted  and 
parks  set  aside;  schools,  hotels,  homes,  shops, 


THE  BLAST  FURNACES 
The  canal  leads  from  Lake  Michigan  into  the  turning  basin. 

banks,  and  churches  were  built;  the  town  was 
christened  after  the  chief  of  all  the  magicians  — 
and  Gary  was  born. 

It  is  no  wonder  that  visitors  come  from  all  parts 
of  the  world  to  view  this  "  Wonder  City  "  of  the 
twentieth  century ;  yet,  though  the  clean,  pretty 
town,  with  its  sunny  skies,  so  different  from  most 
steel  towns,  wins  its  share  of  admiration,  it  is  in 
the  construction  of  the  steel  works  that  the  high- 
est skill  and  power  have  been  shown.  It  may  seem 
strange  to  you  to  learn  that  while  millions  were 
spent  on  achieving  these  wonderful  results,  the 
keynote  of  all  the  work  done  has  been  economy  — 


GARY  14.1 

to  do  everything  the  best  way  from  the  start,  to 
let  nothing  go  to  waste.  Engineers  have  known 
for  a  long  time  that  the  gas  and  smoke  that  pour 


THE  ORE  DOCKS 

Note  the  machinery  for  unloading  the  ore  from  the  boats. 

from  the  chimneys  of  most  factories  represent  so 
much  power  going  to  waste,  for  gas  can  be  made 
to  give  out  both  light  and  heat,  and  smoke  con- 
sists of  tiny  particles  of  coal  that  has  been  imper- 
fectly burned.  In  the  process  of  smelting  iron  ore, 
that  is,  changing  it  to  iron,  the  gases  that  are 
formed  in  the  blast  furnaces  are  generally  allowed 
to  escape  with  the  smoke  at  the  top  of  the  furnace. 
Perhaps  you  have  sometimes  seen  the  splendid 
fireworks  which  these  furnaces  display  at  night,  and 
wished  that  there  were  more  of  them.  The  build- 
ers of  the  Gary  mills  planned  to  introduce  a  new 
feature;  they  would  use  all  these  valuable  by- 


142 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


products;  in  this  way  their  mills  would  be  run  more 
economically,  and  they  would  get  rid  of  the  smoke. 
So  by  the  side  of  the  blast  furnaces  they  installed 
machinery  for  cleaning  the  gas  and  leading  It  to  a 
power  house  where  it  operates  blo\ving  engines, 
which  in  turn  provide  practically  all  the  electrical 


OPEN  HEARTH  FURNACES 
Where  pig  iron  is  converted  into  steel. 

power  required  for  running  the  machinery  of  the 
mills.  No  one  can  realize  what  this  tremendous 
power  means  who  has  not  stood  in  a  rolling  mill 
and  watched  the  ponderous  machines  moving 
swiftly  back  and  forth,  rolling  and  stretching  the 
glowing  steel  ingot  into  rails  as  easily  as  you  would 
mold  a  lump  of  clay. 

It  seems  as  if  these  machines  were  possessed  of 


GARY 


143 


human  intelligence,  —  just  the  touch  of  a  lever 
here,  the  pulling  of  a  crank  there,  and  the  work  is 
done.  It  is  just  the  same  in  every  department  of 
this  industrial  beehive.  Down  at  the  lake  front 
what  seems  like  a  Herculean  task  is  performed 
with  speed  and  precision.  A  great  ore  boat  from 
Duluth  has  just  swung  into  the  quiet  reach  behind 
the  breakwater  and  is  making  for  the  canal.  It 
will  move  alongside  a  huge  concrete  basin  where 
ore  is  stacked.  As  soon  as  it  is  made  fast,  big 
steel  buckets 
will  grab  the  ore 
from  the  ship's 
hold  and  deliver 
it  to  cars,  from 
which  it  will  be 
fed  to  the  furn- 
aces or  dropped 
on  to  the  stack 
pile.  When  the 
boat  has  been 
emptied,  it  will 

swing  round  in  the  turning  basin  and  steam  back 
to  the  long  piers  at  Duluth,  passing  on  its  way 
many  of  its  sister  boats  making  for  the  waiting 
furnaces  it  has  just  left. 

To  the  right  of  the  canal  lies  the  deep  pit  in 
which  are  the  coke  ovens.  The  wise  men  who 
thought  out  all  these  details  wanted  to  have  these 
steel  works  complete  in  themselves ;  so  coke  is 


Courtesy,  The  Survey,  *c*i  1  a 

ONE  OF  THE  SPLENDID  GRAMMAR 
SCHOOLS  IN  GARY 


144  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

made  on  the  spot  instead  of  being  brought  from 
western  Pennsylvania.  The  gas  driven  out  of  the 
bituminous  coal  by  the  baking  process  which 
changes  it  to  coke  is  used  not  only  to  heat  the 
ovens,  but  also  to  run  the  engines  for  the  electric 
lighting  plant  of  the  town.  How  wonderfully  every 
detail  has  been  planned  for  and  executed!  It  would 
require  many  visits  to  such  a  plant  as  this  to  in- 
spect its  many  industries. 

Naturally  many  manufactures  allied  to  steel- 
making  have  come  to  Gary  to  share  in  the  advan- 
tages of  its  location  and  development.  There  is  a 
company  for  making  locomotives,  one  for  making 
car  couplers,  a  tin  plate  company,  the  American 
Bridge  Company,  and  near  by  the  largest  cement 
works  in  the  country.  There  seems  to  be  no  end 
to  the  industries  that  may  develop  in  this  favored 
spot.  Of  course,  the  opportunity  for  varied  kinds 
of  work  draws  workers  from  many  countries  ;  their 
needs  must  all  be  provided  for  in  the  town  and 
suburbs  of  Gary,  and  their  children  will  be  taught 
in  the  Gary  schools  to  become  possibly  more 
skilled  than  their  fathers. 

Will  you  dare  to  look  ahead  and  prophesy  that 
Gary  will  still  be  on  the  map  when  it  is  as  old  as 
London  now  is  ?  Will  the  iron  mines  in  the  North- 
west continue  to  yield  as  long  as  this?  What  will 
become  of  Gary  when  the  iron  has  all  been  made 
into  steel  ?  No  one  knows.  By  that  time  this  story 
will  have  become  ancient  history;  but  even  so> 


GARY  145 

the  wonder  of  its  accomplishment  will  remain  as 
marvelous  as  ever. 


QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

1.  Give  the  reasons  for  the  choice  of  Gary's  location. 

2.  What  difficulties   were  encountered  in  establishing  the 
city?  How  were  they  met  ? 

3.  What  three  substances  are  put  into  a  blast  furnace  to 
produce  pig  iron  ?  What  is  ore  ?  Where  are  the  blast  fur- 
naces in  Gary  located  ?  Examine  the  picture  on  page  140 
and  describe  their  appearance. 

4.  What  substances  in  bituminous  coal  are  driven  off  by 
heat  when  coke  is  made  ?  What  use   is  made  of  these 
by-products  ?  What  is  coke  ?  (Refer  to  the  dictionary  for 
your  answer.) 

5.  How  many  miles  is  it  from  Duluth  to  Gary?  What  lakes, 
straits,  and  canals  does  a  vessel  pass  through  in  making 
the  journey  ?  Draw  this  route  on  map  used  in  Exercise  3. 

6.  Which    is   longer,   Lake   Superior  or   Lake    Michigan  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Great  Lakes  ?   Tell  by  exam- 
ining the  map  which  is  highest   above  sea-level.    How 
do  the  ore  boats  get  through  the  falls  in  the  St.  Mary's 
River? 

7.  How  does  the  age  of  the  oldest  city  in  the  United  States 
compare  with  that  of  London  :' 

8.  Have  you  a  bridge  in  your  home  locality?  Of  what  is  it 
made  ?  If  of  steel,  try  to  find  out  where  the  girders  and 
other  parts  were  made.  Where  do  you  think  the  steel  for 
the  buildings  and  machinery  at  Gary  was  made  ? 

9.  What  is  the  nearest  steel-making  center  to  your  home  ? 

10.  How  many  railroads  pass  through  your  home  locality  ?  If 
it  is  not  a  railroad  center,  locate  the  one  nearest  you. 

11.  Draw  a  plan  of  Gary,  showing  the  residence  town,  the 
steel  works,  and  other  industries. 

12.  Write  to  The  Gary  Times,  Gary,  Indiana,  enclosing  four 


146  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

cents,  and  ask  them  for  the  latest  issue  of  their  paper. 
Bring  to  the  class  some  bits  of  information  that  you  think 
will  interest  them.  Some  newspapers  publish  a  special 
annual  number  which  costs  a  little  more;  perhaps  The 
Gary  Times  does. 

13.  Have  you  discovered  who  the  Magician  was  ?  Of  what 
was  his  wand  made  ? 


SAVANNAH,   THE    FOREST   CITY 

SAVANNAH  in  the  Southeast,  Portland  in 
the  Northwest,  both  seaports,  yet  how  differ- 
ent the  two  cities  are,  and  how  unlike  are 
their  surroundings!  One  faces  the  broad  Pacific, 
sending  across  its  waters  flour  for  food  and  wood  for 
shelter;  the  other  on  the  narrower  Atlantic  feeds 
the  looms  of  the  Old  World  with  cotton  fiber,and 
supplies  the  greater  part  of  the  world's  demand 
for  rosin  and  turpentine.  Portland  glories  in  its 
mountains  and  its  forests  of  giant  firs  and  spruces; 
Savannah  lies  in  the  midst  of  a  low  coastal  plain, 
across  which  muddy  rivers  move  slowly  seaward, 
their  banks  bordered  by  live-oaks,  palmettoes,  and 
the  long-leafed  pine.  Portland  is  a  new  city ; 
Savannah  has  her  monuments  to  General  Ogle- 
thorpe  and  General  Greene,  Count  Pulaski  and 
Sergeant  Jasper,  and  the  record  of  having  been 
besieged  more  times  than  any  other  city  in  the 
United  States.  Savannah  is  the  largest  port  on 
the  South  Atlantic,  and  ranks  next  to  Galveston 
and  New  Orleans  in  the  export  of  cotton. 

A  study  of  the  map  will  show  you  why  Savannah 
has  gained  preeminence  as  a  port.  Along  the  At- 
lantic Coast  from  Norfolk  to  Cape  Sable  you  notice 
few  large  seaports;  Wilmington, Charleston,  Savan- 
nah, Jacksonville  complete  the  list,  and  not  one 


148  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

of  them  has  as  yet  reached  the  one  hundred  thou- 
sand mark  in  population.  There  are  several  reasons 
for  this,  not  all  of  them  geographical ;  but  you  can 
understand  from  their  location  why  none  of  them 
is  a  great  bustling  city  like  Boston,  New  York,  or 
Philadelphia.  They  are  cut  off  by  the  steep  grades 
of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  the  great  east 
and  west  movements  of  trade  and  travel,  therefore 
they  serve  a  smaller  hinterland.  Look  carefully 
again  at  the  map  and  you  will  see  that  the  moun- 
tains in  Georgia  and  Alabama  are  much  lower 
than  those  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  and 
that  the  Tennessee  River  makes  a  broad  water  gap 
across  them.  Because  of  this  convenient  river 
valley  and  low  mountain  passes  near  by,  railroads 
have  been  built  through  the  southern  Appalach- 
ians connecting  the  Atlantic  seaboard  with  the 
Middle  West.  Here  stand  the  two  "gate"  cities, 
Chattanooga  and  Atlanta,  one  on  the  Tennessee 
River,  the  other  at  a  point  where  roads  cross- 
ing the  mountains  radiate  south,  east,  and  west. 
Charleston  and  Savannah,  being  nearer  these 
mountain  gateways,  have  opportunities  of  trade 
with  the  cities  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Savan- 
nah has  the  added  advantage  of  direct  communi- 
cation by  rail  with  Macon,  Montgomery,  Jackson, 
and  Shreveport,  making  it  possible  to  send  to 
Savannah  for  export  cotton  from  Oklahoma,  Ar- 
kansas, Mississippi,  and  Alabama.  Savannah  has 
thus  extended  its  hinterland  more  than  Charles- 


SAVANNAH 


149 


ton  ;  it  is  on  a  tidal  river  navigable  to  Augusta,  two 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  distant,  and  is  a  greater 
railroad  center,  gathering  and  distributing  rriore 
readily. 

The  fortunate  location  of  the  "  Forest  City"  and 
much  of  its  beauty  are   due  to  the  foresight  of 

General     Ogle-   

'"*       i**^ *—• —  

thorpe,  its  found- 
er. The  coast- 
line of  the  tract 
of  land  granted 
to  the  colony  of 
Georgia  was  a 
network  of  sea- 
islands,  tidal  riv- 
ers, sounds,  and 

marshes.  \Vhere        Tne  principal  railroads    entering   Savannah  are: 

•J  4.1,  il,  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line,  the  Central  of  Georgia, 

amid  these  rath-  the  Southern,  and  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  Railway. 

er     unfavorable 

surroundings  should  the  first  settlement  in  the 
infant  colony  be  planted?  It  must  first  of  all  be 
easy  of  access  to  .the  mother  country  to  whom 
it  must  look  for  assistance  in  its  early  years,  and 
within  touch  of  Charleston  and  Beaufort,  its  neigh- 
bors in  South  Carolina;  so  the  town  must  be  on 
the  sea  or  on  one  of  the  rivers  offering  anchor- 
age for  ships.  Still  more,  it  must  be  away  from 
the  dampness  and  fevers  of  the  coastal  lowlands, 
and  so  situated  as  to  reach  easily  the  fertile  inland 
country  where  offshoots  from  the  parent  town 


SAVANNAH  AND  VICINITY 


ISO  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

would  surely  spring  up.  General  Oglethorpe, 
therefore,  and  his  friend  William  Bull,  an  engineei 
from  South  Carolina,  had  much  to  bear  in  mind 
as  they  cruised  along  the  Georgian  coast  search- 
ing for  a  site  for  the  new  town.  At  last  they  found 
the  conditions  they  wanted,  on  a  bluff  forty  feet 
above  the  Savannah  River  and  eighteen  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Here  Oglethorpe  made  a  treaty 
with  Tomo-chi-chi,  chief  of  a  peaceful  tribe  of 
Indians  living  on  this  little  plateau,  and  here  he 
brought  the  waiting  colonists,  naming  the  place 
Savannah  because  of  the  level  grassy  meadows 
along  the  river. 

Though  Oglethorpe  was  a  soldier,  and  there- 
fore used  to  the  stern  realities  of  life,  he  must 
have  loved  trees  and  flowers,  for  when  he  laid  out 
the  town  he  provided  for  large  open  squares  at 
regular  intervals;  and  early  in  the  history  of  the 
colony  were  planted  here  the  forest  trees  that 
the  busy  axe  of  the  homemaker  was  rapidly  clear- 
ing away.  If  the  forest  came  close  about  the, 
city  in  its  infancy,  it  seems  to  be  in  it  to-day. 
These  lovely  parks,  twenty-two  in  number,  are 
the  pride  of  Savannah  and  make  it  unique  among 
our  cities.  Originally  used  as  market-places  or  as 
camping-grounds  in  case  of  attack  by  Indians, 
they  now  serve  as  breathing-places  and  play- 
grounds in  a  city  very  closely  built  up.  Few 
houses  in  Savannah  have  gardens  around  them, 
but  from  the  frequency  of  the  open  squares  one 


SAVANNAH  151 

hardly  misses  their  absence,  and  thinks  of  Savan- 
nah as  literally  a  forest  city,  shaded  by  live-oaks 
hung  with  Spanish  moss,  palmettoes,  and  flower- 
ing dogwood,  the  clustered  tree-tops  like  fragrant 
bouquets  keeping  ever  green  the  memory  of  the 
great  good  Oglethorpe. 

You   will   find  much  to  interest  you   in  "  old 
Savannah,"  especially  if  you  know  your  United 
States  history,  and  love   to  recall   the  self-sacri- 
fice and  valor  of 
the    noble  men 
who  served  their 
country  in  peace 
as  well  as  in  war. 
Many  buildings 
of     Revolution- 
ary days  are  still 
standing.  What 

O 

hearts    of     oak 
they  must  have 
to  withstand  the 
ravages  of  Time 
so  well !   In  one 
of  them  the  Brit- 
ish general  lived  during  the  siege  of  Savannah  in 
1779 ;  and  there  are  beautiful  churches  and  houses 
of  a  later  date,  but  still  old  enough  to  add  to  the 
quaintness  and  charm  of  the  "  Forest  City." 

The  most  conspicuous  feature  of  Savannah  to 
those  who  approach  by  water  is  a  white  marble 


ONE  OF  SAVANNAH'S  OPEN  SQUARES 
Showing  the  statue  to  Sergeant  Jasper. 


152  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

building  towering  above  the  low,  even  sky-line  of 
the  city.  The  spirit  of  progress  that  dared  to  erect 
in  "  old  Savannah  "  a  modern  sky-scraper,  went 
still  further,  and  made  ready  for  the  big  ships 
that  modern  trade  demands.  Jetties  were  built  to 
strengthen  marshy  banks,  the  muddy  river  was 
dredged,  docks  were  enlarged,  and  railroads  began 
to  extend  their  terminals.  The  long  low  island  in 
front  of  the  city  —  which  in  Washington's  day  was 
given  over  to  rice  fields  —  has  now  become  a  great 
ocean  and  land  terminal.  Slips  over  four  thousand 
feet  long,  where  the  largest  freight  steamers  can 
land,  give  storage  room  for  thousands  of  barrels 
of  rosin  and  turpentine,  enough  it  seems  to  sup- 
ply the  world  for  all  time  ;  yet  the  docks  are  never 
empty  and  ships  continually  come  for  more.  These 
gum  products  are  called  "  naval  stores,"  and  are 
obtained  from  the  long-leafed  pine,  great  forests 
of  which  are  found  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  Florida.  These  forests  are  rapidly 
disappearing,  however,  because  of  wasteful  meth- 
ods in  handling  the  trees.  Whence  will  come  our 
supply  of  naval  stores  when  these  forests  are  no 
more?  Possibly  from  France,  already  a  producer 
of  these  products.  Along  the  western  coast  of 
France  south  of  the  Gironde-Garonne  River,  is  a 
district  known  as  the  Landes,  that  a  hundred  years 
ago  was  the  poorest  Department  in  France.  To- 
day it  is  the  richest.  This  startling  transformation 
has  been  brought  about  by  planting  on  the  sandy 


SAVANNAH  153 


NAVAL  STORES  DOCKS 
Note  the  number  of  vessels  loading. 

stretches  of  apparently  worthless  land  a  species  of 
pine  very  rich  in  gum  products  ;  and  because  these 
trees  are  scientifically  cared  for,  a  new  tree  being 
planted  as  soon  as  an  old  one  dies,  the  time  may 
come  when  the  once  despised  Landes  may  furnish 
a  large  part  of  the  world's  naval  stores,  and  Bor- 
deaux may  become  a  rival  of  Savannah  as  their 
market. 

The  gathering  and  making  of  these  stores  is 
one  of  the  chief  occupations  of  the  southern  coast 
lands.  As  you  cross  Georgia  on  the  railroad,  you 
will  be  likely  to  see  the  curious  gashes  on  the  tree- 
trunks  from  which  the  resinous  sap  oozes;  and 
possibly  you  may  catch  a  glimpse  among  the  trees 
of  the  "still,"  where  the  sap  is  boiled  and  sepa- 
rated into  turpentine,  rosin,  and  pitch.  In  huge 
tanks  on  the  Savannah  docks  turpentine  is  stored 


154 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


and  drawn  off  into  barrels  as  needed.  This  is  done 
under  State  inspection,  and  every  barrel  must  be 
measured  and  marked  before  it  can  be  shipped. 
Rosin  goes  through  a  similar  inspection  ;  the  head 
of  each  barrel  is  knocked  off  and  a  tiny  cube, 
about  the  size  of  a  chocolate  caramel  and  looking 
quite  as  delicious,  is  cut  out  and  placed  on  the 
top  of  the  barrel.  How  deftly  the  young  boy  with 
his  curiously  shaped  hatchet  does  this !  Then  the 
inspector  examines  it,  holding  it  to  the  light  to 
observe  its  color  and  transparency,  labels  it,  and 
marks  the  barrel.  Savannah  is  the  largest  naval 

o 

stores  market  in  the  world,  setting  the  price  for 
naval  stores  wherever  they  are  bought  and  sold. 
The  United  Kingdom, Germany,  and  Belgium  are 
our  largest  customers,  but  ships  from  all  over  the 
globe  come  to  Savannah  for  these  useful  products. 
This  extract  from  the  Naval  Stores  Review  shows 
how  our  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  compare 
with  those  of  other  countries :  — 


SPIRITS    OF  TURPENTINE 
(Tons  of  2240  Ibs.) 


From 

1906 

1907 

1908 

United  States    

I.?  %s 

Q8q 

1.2QI 

Spain  and  Portugal    

1^7 

Russia  and  Scandinavia      

4.I1Q 

4  OIO 

1,849 

All  others      

8 

23 

33 

Total  tons       

28687 

SAVANNAH 


155 


But  to  Savannah  and  Georgia  "  cotton  is  king," 

<U  ^5' 

as  corn  is  to  Nebraska,  gold  to  Alaska,  and  sugar 
to  Louisiana.  Though  cotton  was  first  grown  in 
Georgia  in  1734,  it  did  not  become  a  crop  of  much 
importance  until  after  the  cotton  gin  was  invented. 
Cotton  was  a  luxury  in  those  days  because  of  the 
difficulty  of  separating  the  seed  from  the  lint.  But 


COTTON  READY  FOR  LOADING 

in  1793,  at  Mulberry  Grove,  the  plantation  of  Gen- 
eral Greene,  not  far  from  Savannah,  Eli  Whitney, 
a  young  Connecticut  school-teacher,  perfected 
the  little  machine  that  could  take  the  seed  from 
a  bale  of  cotton  in  five  hours,  a  task  that  would 
have  taken  a  grown  man  two  years  to  accomplish! 
After  this  everybody  began  to  raise  cotton,  and 


1 56  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

Georgia  soon  ranked  as  one  of  the  richest  States 
in  the  Union.  Then  came  the  Civil  War.  Sherman 
marched  from  Atlanta  to  Savannah,  laying  waste 
as  he  went,  leaving  Georgia  nothing  but  her  cour- 
age to  face  the  world  again.  Since  the  war  Georgia 
farmers  have  learned  wisdom  ;  cotton  is  not  the 
only  crop  grown.  Everyone  living  along  the  east- 
ern seaboard  looks  forward  in  the  summer  to  eat- 
ing the  Georgia  peach,  and  in  the  early  spring 
Savannah  sends  shiploads  of  vegetables  and  fruit 
to  Northern  markets  from  the  Georgia  truck  farms. 
But  Georgia  is  not  only  an  agricultural  State 
nor  Savannah  merely  a  commercial  city.  The 
wives  and  daughters  of  Oglethorpe's  soldiers  used 
to  sit  in  front  of  their  cottage  doors  spinning 
rough  homespun  from  the  fine  long  staple  cot- 
ton which  grew  in  such  perfection  on  the  sea- 
islands  of  the  coast;  indeed,  this  home  industry 
grew  to  such  an  extent  in  the  days  preceding  the 
Revolution,  that  the  English  Government  became 
alarmed  for  fear  English  mills  would  go  out  of 
business,  and  sternly  forbade  any  more  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  in  the  southern  colonies.  After  all 
cause  for  such  interference  was  removed  by  the 
winning  of  our  independence,  Savannah  began  to 
develop  manufacturing.  One  industry  leads  to  an- 
other, and  with  a  great  naval  stores  industry  at 
hand,  there  was  a  demand  for  barrels  which  Sa- 
vannah could  most  profitably  supply.  Naturally 
paints  and  oils  are  made  where  turpentine  and 


SAVANNAH 


BAY  STREET 
On  the  right  are  warehouses  skirting  the  river  front. 

rosin  are  at  hand.  Fifty  years  ago  cotton  seed  used 
to  be  burned  as  so  much  waste,  to-day  the  by-prod- 
ucts of  this  seed  form  one  of  the  great  industries 
of  Savannah.  The  finest  kind  of  table  oil  is  made 
from  it,  as  well  as  soap  and  cottolene,  a  substitute 
for  lard.  From  the  oily  mass  remaining  a  nourish- 
ing food  for  live  stock  and  a  fertilizer  for  the  land  is 
prepared.  What  a  wonderful  plant,  to  furnish  cloth- 
ing for  man,  food  for  himself  and  his  cattle,  and 
to  return  to  the  soil  the  very  elements  which  its 
growth  took  from  it !  You  will  find,  therefore,  in 
Savannah  that  the  Cotton  Exchange  is  a  promin- 
ent building.  It  is  prettily  located  on  the  river  bluff 
with  an  entrance  facing  a  little  park,  where  the 
cotton  plant  with  its  yellow  bloom  in  spring  and 
its  snowy  pod  in  summer  forms,  an  appropriate 
decoration. 


158 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


Life  in  Savannah  is  pleasant  at  all  seasons,  but 
winter  and  spring  attract  the  most  visitors.  The 
Gulf  Stream  brings  to  this  coast  the  climate 

and  plants  of  the 
Tropics,  but  be- 
cause of  the  tem- 
peringsea-breeze 
and  the  grateful 
shade,  even  the 
days  of  the  nearly 
vertical  sun  are 
seldom  uncom- 
fortably hot.  Sea- 
islands  and  wind- 
ing waterways 
offer  recreation 
for  holidays,  and  good  hard  shell  roads  make  many 
of  these  places  accessible.  Since  the  days  of  Wash- 
ington, Savannah  has  entertained  many  distin- 
guished visitors.  The  spirit  of  hospitality  is  in  the 
air  and  those  who  have  once  felt  the  charm  of 
the  "  Forest  City"  are  sure  to  want  to  come  again 


AN   AVENUE  OF  LIVE-OAKS 
On  one  of  the  beautiful  drives  out  of  Savannah. 


and  again. 


QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 


On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States  locate  Wilming- 
ton, Savannah,  Jacksonville.  Write  or  print  names  neatly 
and  draw  a  heavy  red  line  under  each,  with  two  under 
Savannah. 

Locate  on  map  used  in  Question  i,  Macon,  Montgomery  ^ 
Jackson,  Shreveport ;  also  Chattanooga  and  Atlanta.  Draw 


SAVANNAH  159 

railroads  connecting  Savannah  with  these  cities,  and  in- 
dicate cotton  routes  to  New  York,  Boston,  Liverpool,  and 
Bremen. 

3.  What  is   meant  by  a  "gate  city"?    How  is   Atlanta   a 
"  gateway  "  ?  Pittsburgh  ? 

4.  The  name  Savannah  is  of  Indian  origin  and  means  an 
open  plain  or  grassy  meadow.  What  other  cities  described 
in  this  book  have  Indian  names  ?  What  cities  have  Span- 
ish names  ?  French  names  ?  English  names  ? 

5.  How   many   times   has    Savannah    been   besieged?    By 
whom?  (Consult  your  history  textbook.) 

6.  Locate  the  Landes  country.  Write  a  short  composition 
comparing  this  country  with  the  coast  of  Georgia,  as  to 
location,  industries,  cities,  exports.  Tell  in  what  ways  the 
locations  of  Bordeaux  and  Savannah  are  alike. 

7.  What  is  a  "still "?  (Look  up  the  origin  of  the  word  in  a. 
dictionary.)  Try  to  get  some  specimens  of  rosin,  turpen- 
tine, pitch.  Explain   their  uses.   Why  are  these  products 
called  "  naval  stores  "  ?  Examine  the  picture  of  the  naval 
stores,  and  tell  to  what  ports  these  barrels  will  go. 

8.  Between  what  States  is  the  Savannah  River  a  boundary  ? 
Find  other  rivers  of  the  United  States  which  are  bound- 
aries.   What  river  bounds   part  of    United   States  and 
Canada?  United  States  and  Mexico? 

9.  Write  a  composition  telling  about  the  uses  man  makes  of 
the  cotton  plant.  Consult  books  of  reference  in  the  library 
and  thus  add  to  the  knowledge  gained  in  this  chapter. 
Arrange  your  ideas  in  one  or  two  paragraphs. 

10.  What  features  of  the  city  mentioned  in  this  chapter  do 
you  find  in  the  pictures  ? 

n.  Examine  the  picture  showing  the  live-oak  trees.  Have 
you  trees  as  large  about  your  home  ?  Try  to  find  out 
something  about  the  gray  moss  which  hangs  from  these 
trees. 

12.  Does  spring  come  first  to  your  home  locality  or  to  Savan- 
nah? 


160  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

13.  Tell  all  the  reasons  why  you  would  like  to  live  in  Savan- 
nah. 

14.  How  does  Savannah  rank  in  the  value  of  its  exports  with 
other  seaports  of  the  United  States  ?  (Consult  the  table 
of  ''Values  of  Exports,"  Appendix,  page  207,  for  your 
answer.)  What  cities  rank  higher  ? 

15.  Learn   the  location   of  all  the  cities   mentioned  in  this 
.    chapter. 

EXERCISES    FOR   WORLD    REVIEW 

1.  How  many  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  Savan- 
nah situated  ?  Compare  this  location  with  that  of  New 
Orleans,  Hamburg,  London,  Pniladelphia.  As  steamships 
increase  in  length,  what  disadvantage  will   there  be  in 
such  a  location  ? 

2.  Make  a  list  of  the  countries  noted  in  this  chapter  which 
send  naval  stores  to  the  United  Kingdom.  Opposite  each 
write  the  seaport  from  which  the  stores  are  sent. 

3.  In  what  direction  from  the  Panama  Canal  is  Savannah? 
Which  city  is  nearest  the  Canal,  Galveston,  New  Orleans, 
or  Savannah?  What  advantages  does  the  water  front  of 
Savannah  offer  for  trade  via  the  Canal  ? 


BOSTON 

The  rocky  nook  with  hilltops  three, 

Looked  eastward  to  the  farms, 
And  twice  each  day  the  flowing  sea, 

Took  Boston  in  its  arms. 

RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON 

PROBABLY  no  city  in  our  land  is  more 
honored  by  its  citizens  and  by  all  Ameri- 
cans than  Boston.  How  natural  that  this 
should  be  so!  Other  cities  have  their  treasured 
shrines,  San  Francisco  its  Spanish  Mission,  Pitts- 
burgh its  battered  fort,  New  York  its  Bowling 
Green,  and  Seattle  its  Totem  Pole;  but  to  most 
of  us  Boston  means  more  than  any  of  these;  it 
means  Lexington  and  Concord,  Faneuil  Hall  and 
the  Old  South  Meeting-House,  Bunker  Hill  and 
the  Washington  Elm ;  it  means  a  host  of  men  and 
women  who  by  spoken  or  written  word  and  brave 
deeds  have  taught  us  lessons  of  liberty  and  justice 
and  unselfish  devotion  to  country. 

Thus  it  is  that  the  boy  or  girl  on  a  first  visit 
to  Boston  makes  a  bee-line  for  the  maze  of  wind- 
ing streets  which  marks  the  old  Boston  of  colo- 
nial and  Revolutionary  days.  Who  would  wish  to 
miss  getting  lost  in  this  intricate  tangle!  Perhaps 
you  have  already  had  an  experience  similar  to  that 
of  the  gentleman  who,  seeing  the  dome  of  the 
State  House  above  the  tree-tops  and  asking  the 


1 62 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


way  thither,  was  told  to  turn  about  and  walk  in 
the  opposite  direction!  A  curious  plan  for  a  city, 
you  think.  That  is  because  you  have  grown  up  in 
a  country  whose  cities  and  towns  are  laid  out  after 

the  same  rect- 
angular pattern, 
streets  or  avenues 
running  gener- 
ally north  and 
south  crossed  by 
streets  running 
east  and  west. 
Such  a  plan  is 
orderly,  but  it  al- 
lows of  no  short 
cuts,  neither  does 
it  take  advantage 
of  physical  fea- 
tures such  as  a 
river  or  lake,  or 
hills  and  valleys, 
that  give  variety 
and  beauty  to  a 
city  aspect.  In 
San  Francisco 
and  Seattle, 
streets  march  de- 
fiantly up  hill  and  down  dale,  making  steep  grades 
that  would  be  impossible  in  a  city  visited  by  snow 
and  ice.  In  these  cases,  as  in  many  another  in  our 


BOSTON,  OLD  AND  NEW 
Practically  the  entire  area  of  the  original  city  is 
indicated  by  the  heavy  shading.  The  newer 
portions,  only  partially  included  in  this  map, 
stand  upon  made  land,  indicated  by  the  lighter 
shading. 


BOSTON 


163 


Western  country,  the  city  fathers  laid  out  miles  of 
streets  before  there  were  any  inhabitants  to  dwell 
on  them.  Boston  was  not  planned  beforehand  by 
the  colonial  fathers  of  1630.  The  truth  is,  that 
not  one  who  came  with  John  Winthrop  when  he 


LOOKING  DOWN  TREMONT  STREET  TOWARD  BEACON  HILL 
Note  the  winding  street  and  the  State  House.     In  the  foreground  is  one  of  the 
entrances   to  the  Subway  which  passes  under  the  Common.     The   Granary 
Burying-Ground  referred  toon  page  165  is  just  beyond  the  church  (Park  Street). 

migrated  from  Salem  to  the  rocky,  pear-shaped 
peninsula  jutting  into  the  sea  had  any  thought  of 
founding  a  great  city.  The  only  superiority  claimed 
for  this  new  location  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay 
colony  was  that  it  had  plentiful  springs  of  water, 
a  commodity  that  Salem  lacked.  The  very  un- 
evenness  of  the  peninsula  with  its  deeply  indented 


164  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

coves,  its  promontories  and  hills,  made  it  impossi- 
ble to  have  regularity  in  its  floor  plan ;  so  the  col- 
onists placed  their  simple  houses  wherever  their 
fancy  led  them,  some  along  the  water  front,  others 
near  the  springs,  or  on  the  slopes  of  the  Trimoun- 
tain  which  gave  the  settlement  its  early  name. 
Corn,  you  remember,  was  a  native  product;  and 
since  a  food  supply  was  the  first  thing  to  provide 
for,  one  of  the  earliest  buildings  was  a  windmill  for 
grinding  grist,  placed  far  out  at  the  north  end  so 
that  the  breezes  that  always  played  around  the  bay 
should  keep  its  clumsy  arms  steadily  at  work.  A 
little  to  one  side  was  a  cleared  space  of  fifty  acres 
which  was  reserved  for  pasture  land,  common  to  all 
citizens  of  the  town,  and  for  a  training  field  where 
the  militia  could  drill.  Before  long,  little  paths  were 
worn  from  house  to  mill  and  spring,  from  house  to 
Common,  to  church  and  school ;  and  these  lanes, 
trodden  into  highways  by  nearly  three  hundred 
years  of  passing  and  repassing,  form  the  curiously 
irregular  streets  of  old  Boston.  On  the  excellent 
map  of  Boston  Old  and  New,  on  page  162,  you  will 
be  able  to  trace  one  or  two  of  these  historic  paths. 
Washington  Street  twisted  and  turned  from  the 
slopes  of  Sentry  or  Beacon  Hill  out  along  the  nar- 
row neck  that  tied  the  peninsula  to  the  mainland. 
On  this  street,  history  tells  us,  John  Winthrop  had 
his  house ;  and  here  later  was  built  the  Old  South 
Meeting- House,  to-day  the  Mecca  of  all  patriotic 
Americans.  Near  by  was  the  first  church  and  the 


BOSTON 


165 


school,  and  on  the  summit  of  the  hill  overlooking 
the  green  pasture  land  they  placed  a  beacon  where 
a  warning  light  was  to  flash  if  danger  threatened. 
T6  defend  the  town,  a  fort  was  built  on  the  eastern 
peninsula,  guarding  the  harbor  on  whose  waters 
many  strange  craft  later  lay  at  anchor.  You  see  how 
this  little  community  took  shape,  providing  first 
for  those  needs 
of  man  which 
are  universal,— 
shelter,  food, 
clothing,  pro- 
tection, instruc- 
tion ;  there  re- 
mained only  to 
reserve  space 
for  that  with- 
out which  no 
human  group  is 
ever  complete. 
In  the  Old 

Granary  Burying-Ground  lie  many  of  the  noted 
personages  of  historic  Boston  —  Hancock,  Samuel 
Adams,  Paul  Revere,  Governor  Bellingham,  and 
others  whom  you  may  some  day  discover  for  your- 
selves. 

Now  that  you  are  somewhat  familiar  with  the 
outline  and  plan  of  old  Boston,  you  will  like  to 
look  again  at  the  map  to  see  how  succeeding  gen- 
erations have  altered  and  enlarged  the  city  bound- 


WASHINGTON  STREET 

A  part  of  the  principal  business  street.   Note  the 
narrow  drivewavs  and  the  crowded  sidewalks. 


166  REPRESENTATIVE    CITIES 

aries.  Does  it  strike  you  that  they  have  added 
more  land  than  the  original  could  boast  of  ?  This 
is  exactly  what  has  been  done.  How  the  water 
front  has  been  straightened  by  filling  up  coves 
and  building  out  wharves!  The  deep  indentation 
made  by  the  mouth  of  the  Charles  River,  which 
was  called  the  Back  Bay,  has  been  filled  in,  new 
streets  created,  and  Boston  fastened  securely  to 
the  rest  of  Massachusetts.  Along  these  broad 
avenues  hurry  the  great  throngs  that  go  in  and 
out  of  Boston  every  day.  It  is  easy  to  distinguish 
the  old  city  from  the  new,  for  there  are  no  twist- 
ings  and  turnings  in  these  new  streets,  all  is 
ordered  for  ease  of  travel  in  a  great  metropolis, 
the  corners  are  square,  and  there  is  no  danger  of 
missing  one's  way. 

At  first  Boston  had  not  apparently  much  advan- 
tage over  the  mother  town  of  Salem.  The  little 
boats  of  that  day  came  quite  as  readily  to  Salem 
as  to  Boston ;  but  the  days  changed,  and  when 
ships  grew  larger  they  flocked  into  the  spacious 
waters  of  Boston  Bay,  while  Salem  went  to  sleep. 
Nature  surely  placed  here  superior  advantages 
for  a  seaport.  Long  sheltering  arms  of  the  land 
on  the  north  and  south  curve  around  a  more  open 
outer  bay  and  converge  upon  an  inner  almost 
landlocked  basin,  with  a  shore-line  made  irregular 
by  peninsulas  and  islands  behind  which  lie  the 
mouths  of  three  tidal  streams.  Many  of  the  great 
harbors  of  the  world  are  narrow  and  winding  and 


BOSTON 


167 


obstructed  by  sandbars;  others,  like  Galveston 
and  New  Orleans,  require  sea  walls  or  jetties  to 
make  them  safe  and  navigable;  but  three  broad 
deep  channels  lead  into  the  harbor  of  Boston, 
where  shipping  lies  protected  during  the  fierce 
storms  which  often  rage  outside  along  the  "  stern 
and  rock-bound  coast."  With  such  a  safe  and 
ample  gateway  looking  out  to  the  Atlantic,  it  is 


COMMONWEALTH  AVENUE 

This  beautiful  wide  street  is  in  the  Back  Bay  district  and  is  all  made  land.    See 
the  map  on  page  162.    The  Avenue  begins  at  the  Public  Garden. 

no  wonder  that  Boston  began  early  in  its  career  to 
be  the  most  important  city  in  New  England,  the 
"  Hub,"  in  fact,  of  this  busy  corner  of  our  country. 
Those  who  first  applied  this  nickname  to  Boston 


168  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

were  very  ambitious,  and  made  the  wheel  large 
enough  to  include  the  universe,  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  declaring  that  the  Boston  State  House 


BOSTON  AND  VICINITY 

The  principal  railroads  entering  Boston  are :  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and 
Hartford;  the  Boston  and  Maine;  the  Boston  and  Albany. 

was  the  "  Hub  of  the  Solar  System."  But  though 
the  wheel  is  smaller  than  some  Boston  people  like 
to  think,  it  revolves  so  rapidly  that  many  another 
industrial  wheel  in  our  land  is  set  in  motion  by  it. 
Lay  a  map  of  New  England  before  you  and 


BOSTON 


A  VIEW  IN  FRANKLIN  PARK 

Near  this  spot  are  public  golf-links  and  tennis  courts.  This  view  gives  an  idea  of 
the  many  varieties  of  trees  and  shrubs  and  other  natural  features  of  one  of  the 
finest  park  systems  in  the  world. 

draw  on  it  a  circle  around  Boston,  using  the  dis- 
tance from  the  western  boundary  of  Massachusetts 
to  Boston  as  one  of  the  spokes.  Follow  the  tire  of 
this  wheel  around  its  whole  circumference,  and  you 
will  see  that  nearly  every  large  city  of  New  Eng- 
land lies  within  it.  Note  where  the  spokes  run  — 
from  Boston  to  Portland ;  from  Boston  to  Lowell, 
Manchester,  and  Concord ;  from  Boston  to  Fall 
River;  from  Boston  to  Providence,  New  London, 
and  New  Haven ;  from  Boston  to  Springfield  and 
beyond  to  Albany ;  from  Boston  to  Fitchburg  and 
the  Hoosac  Tunnel.  These  spokes  are  lines  of 
steel  running  from  busy  centers  of  population  to 
the  central  market  by  the  sea.  The  nearer  you 
get  to  the  market,  the  more  thickly  peopled  is  the 
region.  Within  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  of  Boston 


i/o  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

are  thirty  prosperous  towns  which  have  grown  up 
in  a  ring  of  settlements  around  the  great  seaport. 
Some  of  these,  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  Charlestown, 
are  now  a  part  of  the  city  proper;  but  out  beyond 
this  inner  ring,  nestling  on  the  hills  that  encircle 
Boston  on  the  west  and  north,  is  the  outer  ring 
of  towns  and  villages  which  are  really  a  part  of 
Greater  Boston.  No  other  city  in  our  country  has 
such  beautiful  suburban  towns,  because  the  roll- 
ing surface,  the  streams  winding  around  the  hills, 
the  lakes  and  ponds  in  the  hollows,  the  bold  capes 
jutting  into  the  sea  with  beaches  between  them, 
form  the  most  tempting  places  imaginable  for 
homes.  The  people  of  Boston  have  reserved 
17,000  acres  of  this  lovely  country  for  a  great  play- 
ground. Think  of  a  series  of  parks  containing 
broad  tracts  of  grassland  and  forests,  ocean  shores, 
ponds,  brooks,  and  hills,  forbidden  to  the  trader 
and  builder  and  preserved  for  future  generations 
of  boys  and  girls ! 

Among  these  towns  encircling  Boston  are  many 
which  have  become  household  words  throughout 
our  land,  —  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Lynn,  Haverhill, 
Waltham,  Brockton.  The  making  of  cotton  and 
woolen  clothing,  underwear,  hosiery,  shoes  and 
slippers,  overshoes,  watches,  salted  fish,  chocolate, 
and  candy,  are  only  a  part  of  the  industries  which 
center  in  this  Boston  district.  For  with  a  safe  and 
roomy  harbor  facing  the  Atlantic  on  the  one  hand, 
and  abundant  water-power  in  the  falls  and  rapids 


BOSTON  171 

of  many  rivers  on  the  other,  the  intelligent  and 
energetic  New  England  people  of  the  early  days 
began  to  manufacture  as  soon  as  they  were  freed 
from  the  interference  of  England.  Because  of  the 
ease  with  which  raw  materials  could  slip  along  the 


THE  SPINNING  ROOM  IN  A  COTTON  MILL 

ocean  highways,  mill  wheels  and  spindles  multi- 
plied so  rapidly  that  Boston  soon  began  to  take 
high  rank  as  a  port.  Steamers  bring  wool  for 
New  England  looms  from  Sydney  and  the  Plata 
River,  long  and  short-staple  cotton  comes  from 
Savannah  and  Egypt,  coffee  from  Brazil,  fish 
from  the  Newfoundland  Banks,  sugar  from  Cuba, 
rubber  from  Para,  tea  from  China,  and  bananas 
from  Central  America.  These  form  some  of  the 
imports  piled  on  wharves,  stored  in  warehouses, 
or  hurried  to  waiting  cars.  Perhaps  you  have 
never  thought  of  coal  as  an  import;  if  so,  it  may 


1/2  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

surprise  you  to  learn  that  Boston's  coal  bill 
amounts  to  over  $100,000,000  a  year,  more  than 
half  this  amount  being  paid  for  its  transportation 
from  Nova  Scotia,  Newport  News,  and  Philadel- 
phia. This  explains  why  one  of  the  most  common 
sights  in  the  harbor  is  a  picturesque  string  of  coal 
barges  being  towed  to  the  tall  coal  pockets  tower- 
ing along  the  water  front. 

A  stroll  through  the  business  section  of  the  city 
is  interesting  for  two  reasons  :  it  will  take  you  into 
"  old  Boston,"  and  if  you  have  the  observant  eye, 
your  ideas  of  the  sorts  and  kinds  of  business  which 
all  this  manufacturing  develops  will  be  very  much 
enlarged.  People  in  the  same  kind  of  business  gen- 
erally group  together,  and  you  will  find  all  the  wool 
concerns  in  one  section,  the  leather  dealers  in  an- 
other, and  so  on.  In  one  street  in  the  leather  dis- 
trict three  hundred  shoe  and  leather  concerns  have 
their  offices.  This  makes  it  convenient  for  those 
who  come  to  Boston  to  buy  and  sell.  Here  are 
dealers  in  hides  and  skins,  incut  soles,  in  tanners' 
oils,  also  houses  for  selling  shoe  machinery  and 
all  kinds  of  supplies  which  shoe  manufacturers  use, 
rubber  shoe  companies,  offices  of  the  great  shoe 
factories  at  Lynn,  Haverhill,  and  Brockton,  and 
even  firms  which  buy  waste  leather,  selling  it  again 
for  all  kinds  of  purposes,  scraps  as  small  as  an  inch 
square  having  their  value.  All  these  industries  al- 
lied to  shoemaking  have  grown  up  since  colonial 
days,  when  shoemakers  from  Massachusetts  trav- 


BOSTON 


173 


eled  with  their  kits  from  house  to  house  making 
shoes  for  the  family.  To-day  steel  fingers  have 
taken  the  place  of  shoemakers'  hands,  doing  the 
work  so  nimbly  and  well  that  orders  come  to  the 
"  Hub  "  from  nearly  every  State  in  the  Union  and 
nearly  every  country  in  the  world,  and  Lynn  alone 
makes  shoes  for  30,000,000  people.  So  Boston  has 
become  the  greatest  shoe  and  leather  market  of 
the  United  States,  as  well  as  one  of  the  chief  mar- 
kets for  wool,  salted  fish,  foodstuffs,  and  candy. 


T.  O.  Want  Cumpany. 


A  VIEW  IN  A  SHOE  FACTORY 


One  half  of  all.the  manufactures  of  Massachusetts 
and  one  quarter  of  those  of  New  England  center 
around  Boston,  and  as  you  walk  through  its  busy 
streets  you  understand  why  the  generations  that 


174  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

succeeded  the  Puritan  colonists  had  to  make  over 
and  enlarge  the  rocky  peninsula  to  meet  the 
changes  that  each  age  has  brought  with  it. 

In  spite  of  all  these  changes,  there  are  some 
things  that  would  make  good  old  Governor  Win- 
throp  feel  at  home  could  his  spirit  walk  the  earth 
again.  He  would  miss  the  beacon  on  the  hill,  it 
is  true,  but  he  would  catch  the  flash  of  the  gilded 
dome  of  the  State  House  that  surmounts  this  hill, 
and  know  that  it  stands  for  the  security  and  de- 
fense of  the  liberties  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Massachusetts.  He  would  surely  recognize  the 
grassy  si  opes  of  the  Common,  where  his  cows  were 
wont  to  graze,  though  he  would  look  in  vain  for 
the  waters  of  the  bay  that  used  to  wash  its  shores. 
Some  one  would  have  to  explain  to  him  that  the 
great  funnels  of  the  ocean  liners  along  the  har- 
bor's edge  are  the  descendants  of  the  masts  of  his 
sturdy  little  boat,  "  Blessing  of  the  Bay,"  which  he 
launched  with  such  pride  in  1634;  but  he  would 
understand  that  the  naming  of  that  craft  had  been 
prophetic  of  the  blessing  this  great  landlocked 
basin  has  been  to  Boston,  to  New  England,  and  to 
the  country  at  large. 

QUESTIONS  FOR  STUDY 

I.  Draw  a  sketch  map  showing  the  original  peninsula  of 
Boston  and  the  additions  that  have  been  made  to  it.  In- 
dicate by  a  cross  the  location  of  the  State  House  and 
write  the  names  of  waters  surrounding  Boston.  Give  this 


BOSTON  175 

map  an  appropriate  name  and  make  the  drawing  clear  and 
attractive. 

2.  Locate  Salem.  Compare  its  location  with  that  of  Boston 
in  regard  to  advantages  for  trade. 

3.  Tell  in  what  ways  Boston  Bay  differs  from  San  Francisco 
Bay.  Which  do  you  think  is  more  beautiful  ?  Compare 
the  maps  on  pages  2  and  168. 

4.  Draw  a  general  plan  of  the  streets  of  the  place  where  you 
live.  Below  this  drawing  write  a  brief  story  of  the  found- 
ing and  settlement  of  the  place;  tell  which  are  its  oldest 
streets  and  what  the  first  buildings  were. 

5.  What  is  meant  by  a  place  being  a  "  Mecca  "  ?  Where  is 
Mecca  and  for  what  is  it  noted  ? 

6.  Tell  something  of  importance  that  happened  in  the  Old 
South  Meeting-House. 

7.  On  an  outline  map  of  New  England  draw  the  wheel  as 
directed  on  page  169.  Locate  the  chief  cities  and  towns 
within  this  wheel,  consuming  the  map  in  your  geography 
for  their  location.  Draw  the  spokes  as  directed.  Give  the 
map  a  good  title  and  make  the  whole  drawing  as  neat  as 
possible. 

8.  Make  a  list  of  the  chief  rivers  of  New  England  that  fur- 
nish water-power,  and  opposite  each  place  the  names  of 
the  manufacturing  towns  on  each  river. 

9.  On  the  sheet  used  in  Exercise  8,  add  in  a  third  column 
the  chief  manufactures  of  New  England.  Try  to  add  to 
those  mentioned  in  this  chapter.    Give  the   exercise  its 
proper  headings  and  underline  these  to  set  them  off  from 
the  exercise  itself;   for  example,  Rivers,  Towns,  Manu- 
factures. 

10.  Find  out  if  possible  where  the  shoes  you  are  wearing  were 
made ;  the  stockings  ;  the  writing  paper  you  use.    Was 
your  watch  made  at  Waltham  ?  At  Waterbury  ?    Look  at 
the  label  on  the  thread  you  use  at  home  and  tell  where  it 
was  made. 

11.  Coal  comes  to  Boston  by  rail  and  water.  Trace  the  coal 


176  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

routes  from  Pennsylvania,  from  Nova  Scotia,  and  from 
Newport  News,  to  Boston. 

12.  Where  does  the  coal  used  in  your  home  come  from  ?  De- 
scribe the  route  it  takes.  How  much  coal  is  used  in  your 
home  in  the  course  of  a  year?  What  does  it  cost? 

13.  Describe  the  routes  by  which  hides  from  Wyoming  or 
Montana  and  from  Sydney  or  Argentina  reach  Boston. 

14.  Why  is  Boston  well  situated  for  a  capital  city?  How  does 
its  location  with  regard  to  the  State  differ  from  that  of 
Springfield,  Illinois? 

15.  For  what  purpose  is  the  State  House  used  ?  Where  is  there 
a  similar  building  in  your  State  ?  What  is  it  called  ?  Which 
cities  in  this  book  have  such  a  building  ? 

16.  What  would  you  most  enjoy  seeing  in  Boston  ?  What  ad- 
vantages does  Boston  have  in  the  summer  over  St.  Louis? 
over  New  Orleans  ? 

17.  How  old  is  Boston?  Learn  the  stanza  at  the  beginning 
of  this  chapter. 

EXERCISES  FOR  WORLD  REVIEW 

1.  London  and  Boston  are  the  two  largest  wool  markets  of 
the  world  ;  from  what  countries  and  ports  is  wool  shipped 
to  these  markets  ?   (See  Appendix,  page  208,  for  "  Wool 
Production  of  the  World.") 

2.  What  kind  of  climate  is  common  to  these  wool-producing 
countries  ?  (Consult  temperature  and  rainfall  maps  in  your 
geography  textbook.) 

3.  Consult  lists  in  Appendix  and  see  how  Boston  compares 
in  value  of  imports  with  New  York,  Philadelphia,  New 
Orleans,  San  Francisco.  How  does  Boston  rank  in  value 
of  exports?  Which  cities  rank  higher? 

4.  Which  is  farther  east,  the  mouth  of  the  Charles  River  or 
that  of  the  River  La  Plata?  Which  is  farther  north,  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames  or  that  of  the  Charles  ?  Which  city, 
London  or  Boston,  has  a  longer  period  of  daylight  on 
Christmas  Day  ? 


NEW   YORK 


f  "^HE  history  of  cities  does  not  show  us 
anything  so  amazing  as  the  growth  of 

JL  New  York  during  the  last  century.  In 
the  year  that  Washington  was  inaugurated  Presi- 
dent, the  area  now  covered  by  Greater  New  York 
had  a  population  of  nearly  50,000;  in  1910  that 
number  had  increased  to  4,766,883.  A  hundred 
years  ago  no  city  in  the  world  had  reached  these 
huge  proportions  for  before  the  days  of  railroads 
and  other  quick  means  of  transportation  it  was 
impossible  to  supply  food  sufficient  for  the  daily 
needs  of  so  many  people.  It  is  hard  to  picture  a 
city  group  of  nearly  five  million  souls;  even  those 
who  live  in  New  York  do  not  realize  how  big  it 
is.  If  all  the  inhabitants  of  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington,  should  take  up  their  abode  in  one 
city,  it  would  not  then  be  as  crowded  as  New 
York.  Add  St.  Louis  to  Greater  Paris  and  the 
sum  does  not  equal  this  great  metropolis;  and  if 
you  were  to  take  the  sum  of  the  populations  of 
all  the  Representative  Cities  —  but  you  will  enjoy 
finding  out  for  yourself  just  how  many  of  these  it 
will  take  to  make  a  New  York. 

By  this  time  you  are  surely  asking  what  has 
brought  so  many  million  people  to  this  city  and 
where  they  have  all  come  from.  You  also  may  be 


i;8  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

interested  to  learn  how  they  live,  shut  up  within 
the  confines  of  city  walls  and  crowded  streets  in- 
stead of  being  spread  out  over  the  three  large 
States  of  the  Pacific  Coast;  for  the  life  of  a  New 
York  boy  is  very  different  from  that  of  a  boy  or 
girl  in  Seattle  or  Portland. 

You  have  learned  that  every  port  is  a  gateway 
opening,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  ocean  with  its 
cheap  and  easy  routes  of  traffic,  on  the  other  hand, 
to  the  land  where  railways  and  inland  waterways 
converge  and  merchandise  is  exchanged.  But 
though  San  Francisco  is  the  gateway  of  a  great 
State,  and  New  Orleans  the  port  of  a  fruitful  val- 
ley, New  York  is  the  sea-gate  oi^a  continent.  And 
such  a  gateway  as  it  is !  For  it  not  only  opens 
wide  to  the  most  traveled  ocean  on  the  globe,  but 
this  ocean  passes  through  the  gate  into  the  con- 
tinent for  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Hudson,  whence  an  easy  road  leads 
westward  along  the  Mohawk  Valley,  by  the  shores 
of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  across  the  level  prairies 
and  rolling  plains  to  the  foot  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. New  York  has  become  the  greatest  city  of 
North  America  chiefly  because  it  stands  at  the 
entrance  of  this  broad  smooth  road  which  leads 
for  over  two  thousand  miles  into  the  heart  of  a 
continent.  It  is  this  highway  that  has  made  the 
fortunes  of  the  city.  For  many  years  Boston  was 
a  more  important  port  than  New  York,  and  both 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  were  its  rivals;  but 


NEW   YORK 


179 


after  the  Erie  Canal  was  built  and  the  wheat,  corn, 
and  meat  of  the  Middle  West  could  slip  cheaply 
along  a  thousand-mile  waterway  to  a  market,  New 


NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  VICINITY 

The  principal  railroads  entering  New  York  are :  the  New  York  Central ;  the  New 
York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford;  the  Pennsylvania;  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio; 
the  New  York,  Ontario,  and  Western ;  the  Lehigh ;  the  Erie ;  the  Central  of 
New  Jersey;  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western. 

York  began  to  grow.  All  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
upper  Mississippi  became  its  great  hinterland, 
and  from  that  day  to  this,  ships  from  the  ends  of 
the  earth  have  flocked  to  its  wharves  because  they 
were  sure  of  finding  return  cargoes  there.  How 
many  advantages  have  contributed  to  the  great- 


i8o  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

ness  of  New  York  !  Beside  the  fruitful  hinterlands 
of  the  Mohawk  Valley  and  the  Middle  West,  be- 
side the  deep  and  navigable  Hudson,  it  looks  out 
on  a  spacious  harbor,  one  of  the  best  and  most 
beautiful  in  the  world.  Protected  from  storms  by 
the  bulging  shores  of  Staten  Island  and  Long 
Island,  ships  that  have  buffeted  with  wind  and* 
wave  outside  Sandy  Hook  steam  through  the 
gateway  of  "  The  Narrows  "  into  the  quiet  waters 
of  the  inner  bay.  To  how  many  a  stranger  fleeing 
from  hard  conditions  in  his  own  land  have  these 
smooth  waters,  lighted  by  the  torch  of  the  God- 
dess of  Liberty,  seemed  like  a  haven  of  refuge 
Sometimes,  it  is  true,  the  hope  is  not  fulfilled  in 
this  land  of  ours,  but  to  the  majority  who  come, 
this  open  doorway  has  been  the  entrance  into  a 
real  "Promised  Land."  Because  of  the  spacious 
and  protected  harbor,  with  its  four  hundred  and 
forty  miles  of  water  front  brought  within  easy 
reach  of  the  interior  by  a  "  water-level  route," 
nearly  one  half  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the 
United  States  passes  through  New  York.  Of  the 
imports  pouring  in  through  all  our  ports,  more 
than  one  half  comes  through  New  York,  and  out 
of  New  York  passes  nearly  one  half  of  all  the  ex- 
ports from  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States.  One 
of  the  most  beautiful  buildings  in  New  York  is 
the  Custom  House,  where  the  business  of  collect- 
ing the  duties  on  foreign  goods  is  managed ;  and 
as  a  large  part  of  the  expenses  of  our  government 


NEW   YORK 


181 


are  met  by  these  custom  duties,  it  is  most  fitting 
that  such  a  government  building  should  be  orna- 
mental to  the  city. 

Besides  its  foreign  trade,  New  York  bears  a 
large  share  of  the'  domestic  commerce  of  the  coun- 
try. This  is  because  New  York  is  at  a  great  cross- 
roads of  commerce.  How  vividly  the  map  shows 
the  waterways  which  meet  here !  The  Hudson* 
Mohawk  River  coming  from  the  north  and  west 


NEW  YORK  CUSTOM  HOUSE 
It  is  imposingly  located  opposite  the  historic  Bowling  Green. 

meets  the  oceanway  from  the  south  and  east,  and 
across  this  line  of  travel  the  East  River  and  Long 
Island  Sound  offer  a  deep  waterway  between  New 
York  and  New  England.  Along  these  natural 
high  ways  two  great  railroad  systems  have  laid  their 
tracks.  Other  roads  have  boldly  climbed  the  rug- 
ged mountains  and  plateaus  of  northern  New  Jer- 


182  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

sey  and  western  New  York  in  order  to  get  a  share 
of  the  carrying  trade  between  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley and  the  sea.  Eight  great  trunk  lines  come  to 
New  York,  but  all  those  from  the  west  and  south, 
except  the  New  York  Central  and  Pennsylvania 
Railroads,  land  passengers  and  freight  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Hudson  at  one  of  the  Jersey  ports. 
This  necessitates  crossing  the  river  for  all  passen- 
gers and  freight  destined  for  New  York  or  New 
England.  Cars  are  run  on  to  big  floats  and  trans- 
ferred to  ports  on  the  East  River,  where  they  are 
made  up  into  trains  for  Boston  and  way  points, 
and  passengers  are  ferried  across.  But  this  is 
slow  work  for  people  in  a  hurry,  and  sometimes 
boats  are  delayed  on  account  of  fog.  Years  ago 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  began  to  plan  to  tun- 
nel under  the  Hudson  River  so  as  to  be  able  to 
deliver  passengers  directly  in  New  York.  It  was 
a  gigantic  task,  but  men  of  skill  accomplished  it, 
and  the  magnificent  Pennsylvania  Terminal  Sta- 
tion is  now  the  visible  result.  One  can  hardly  im- 
agine the  Temple  of  Solomon  any  more  wonder- 
ful than  this  railway  station,  equipped  inside  with 
every  comfort  for  the  traveler  and  with  an  exterior 
that  adorns  the  city.  Not  far  from  it  rises  the 
Grand  Central  Terminal,  another  titanic  under- 
taking, anchored  to  the  rock  foundation  of  New 
York  and  built  over  the  old  outgrown  station 
while  hundreds  of  trains  carrying  thousands  of 
passengers  were  sent  in  and  out  daily. 


NEW   YORK 


.  From  an  architect* •  drawing. 

GRAND  CENTRAL  TERMINAL 

This  undertaking  includes  not  only  the  recently  completed  terminal  station  of  the 
New  York  Central  lines,  but  the  reclaiming  of  some  twenty  city  blocks  (for- 
merly used  for  railroad  yards)  and  the  erection  thereon  of  commercial  and  office 
buildings,  hotels,  apartment  houses,  etc.  A  number  of  these  are  already  con- 
structed, and  others  are  in  process  ;  so  that  the  ideal  of  the  architect's  bids  fair 
speedily  to  be  realized. 

One  great  item  of  traffic  that  keeps  railroads, 
boats,  and  steamers  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York 
busy  is  supplying  the  city  with  food  and  fuel.  The 
greater  part  of  this  domestic  trade  is  carried  on 
while  the  city  is  asleep.  Special  milk  trains  and 
those  bringing  butter,  eggs,  vegetables,  and  fruit 
stream  into  the  city  all  through  the  night.  Coal 
barges  come  down  the  Hudson  from  Kingston,  or 
across  from  New  Jersey  where  the  coal  has  been 
brought  by  the  great  anthracite  road  of  Pennsyl- 


184  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

vania.  In  the  summer  Long  Island  and  southern 
New  Jersey  are  one  vast  market  garden,  and  every 
day  cars  and  wagons  follow  each  other  unceasingly, 
bringing  asparagus,  cabbage,  potatoes,  poultry,  and 
all  kinds  of  garden  truck  to  five  million  hungry 
people.  Beef  from  Chiqago  is  transferred  from 
refrigerator  cars  to  waiting  steamers  or  put  into 
the  large  storage  warehouses  along  the  line  of  the 
New  York  Central  Railroad.  The  mere  handling 
of  these  food  supplies  and  other  merchandise  cre- 
ates a  tremendous  business.  All  raw  material  in- 
tended for  manufacturing  must  be  carted  to  fac- 
tory or  warehouse,  and  food  must  be  loaded  on 
to  wagons  and  carried  to  markets,  so  that  those 
streets  which  are  main  arteries  of  traffic  are  crowded 
and  dangerous.  Steamers  follow  so  fast  one  after 
the  other  that  as  soon  as  one  unloads  its  cargo  the 
wharves  must  be  cleared  to  make  space  for  the 
next  one. 

How  many  interesting  things  there  are  to  see 
on  these  wharves  while  steamers  are  loading  or 
unloading!  It  is  better  to  study  geography  in  this 
way  than  to  learn  it  out  of  a  book,  and  the  romance 
that  always  hangs  about  a  ship  from  over  the  sea 
is  sufficient  to  keep  one's  enjoyment  at  a  high 
pitch.  The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  the  things 
a  New  York  girl  saw  one  October  day  on  the 
Chelsea  docks  where  two  steamers  had  just  de- 
posited their  cargoes. 


NEW   YORK  185 

Paper  and  Christmas  toys  from  Germany. 

Rags  and  hops  from  Belgium. 

Tea  and  biscuits  from  England. 

Fish  from  Portugal. 

Canned  mushrooms  and  peas  from  France. 

Hemp  from  Manila  and  New  Zealand. 

Jute  from  Tampico. 

Box  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs  from  Belgium. 

Raw  silk  from  Italy. 

Condensed  milk  from  Switzerland. 

Pears'  soap  from  England. 

Rubber  from  the  Congo  and  Para. 

Sardines  from  France. 

Pelts  from  New  Zealand. 

On  the  Brooklyn  water  front  she  saw  a  steamer 
from  Montevideo  unload  an  enormous  cargo  of 
raw  hides.  The  odor  of  these  skins  was  not  agree- 
able, but  she  was  amazed  to  see  such  a  quantity. 
She  learned  they  were  bound  for  the  tanneries  to 
be  made  into  leather  for  the  shoe  factories  of  New 
England.  At  these  docks  also  a  large  part  of  the 
coffee  that  enters  the  United  States  is  unloaded 
and  stored.  Do  you  remember  which  Representa- 
tive City  is  a  rival  of  New  York  in  this  trade  ? 
Here  the  Norse  Prince  brought  from  Brazil  128,- 
200  bags  of  coffee,  each  bag  weighing  1 32  pounds, 
yet  the  longshoremen  who  handle  this  freight  pick 
up  a  bag  as  easily  as  you  would  a  baby  and  carry 
it  from  the  moving  crane,  which  you  see  in  the 
'  picture,  to  the  proper  piles.  Near  the  coffee  bags 
are  big  heaps  of  Brazil  nuts  waiting  to  be  sorted  and 
bagged,  and  there  are  cotton  bales  from  Galves- 


186  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

ton,  New  Orleans,  and  Savannah,  awaiting  reship- 
ment  to  the  Sound  boats  for  the  Fall  River  cotton 
mills. 

It  is  not  strange  that  most  people  think  of  New 
York  chiefly  as  a  commercial  city,  for  the  pictur- 
esqueness  and  importance  of  its  harbor  overshadow 
all  else,  yet  it  leads  all  other  American  cities  in 
manufacturing.  All  the  favorable  conditions  for 
industry  except  one  are  found  here.  Carriers  by 
land  and  water  bring  raw  material  from  far  and 
near,  coal  is  easy  to  get  because  of  canal  and  rail 
communication  with  Pennsylvania  mines,  and  car 
and  steamer  are  ready  to  carry  away  the  finished 
products.  Of  the  thousands  of  foreigners  who  land 
at  New  York,  many  stay  in  the  city  and  offer  their 
labor  cheaply.  As  the  city  grows,  there  are  more 
people  to  consume  food  and  to  buy  clothing;  fac- 
tories, therefore,  find  a  large  market  right  at  their 
doors.  New  York  is  one  of  the  chief  flour  cities 
of  the  country  and  makes  many  varieties  of  cereal 
breakfast  foods.  Much  coffee  also  is  roasted  here. 
But  its  greatest  industry  is  the  making  of  clothing 
for  men  and  women,  boys  and  girls.  This  is  made 
in  little  factories,  in  sweatshops,  and  at  the  homes 
of  the  workers ;  and  because  much  of  the  work  on 
these  garments  does  not  call  for  skillful  work- 
men, a  large  number  of  the  ignorant  and  unskilled 
immigrants  who  land  in  New  York  remain  in  the 
city  and  make  clothing  for  you  and  me  to  wear. 
On  the  Brooklyn  water  front,  the  groups  of  grimy 


NEW   YORK 


187 


buildings  with  their  tall  chimneys  tell  where  sugar 
and  molasses  from  the  West  Indies  are  refined. 
In  the  Borough  of  Richmond,  distant  from  the 
more  settled  residence  portion,  petroleum,  piped 


Courtety,  New  York  Dock  Company, 

BROOKLYN  WATER  FRONT,  ALONG  THE  EAST  RIVER 
Note  the  fire-proof  warehouses  and  the  piles  of  coffee  bags  waiting  to  be  stored. 

or  sent  in  tanks  from  the  Pennsylvania  oil  wells, 
is  refined.  It  forms  one  of  the  chief  exports  of 
New  York,  for  the  United  States  has  only  one 
competitor  in  the  oil  trade,  and  that  is  Russia. 

The  second  manufacture  in  importance  is  print- 
ing and  publishing.  Look  over  the  monthly  mag- 
azines in  your  Public  Library  and  see  how  many 
of  them  are  published  in  New  York.  Perhaps  you 
can  tell  the  names  of  some  of  the  New  York  news- 
papers which  find  their  way  all  over  this  country. 
Everything  seems  to  come  to  this  great  metropolis, 


i88  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

and  people  come,  too,  because  there  is  so  much 
work  to  be  done.  Not  the  smallest  part  of  this 
work  comes  from  stretching  the  city  to  accommo- 
date all  who  want  to  live  in  it.  If  the  inhabitants 
would  distribute  themselves  evenly  over  the  five 
boroughs  which  make  up  the  city,  living  condi- 
tions in  the  central  borough  would  not  have  so 
many  drawbacks.  The  trouble  is,  the  majority 
have  to  live  in  Manhattan  to  be  near  work  or 
business;  so  on  the  little  island  that  Peter  Minuit 
bought  from  the  Indians  for  twenty-four  dollars 
are  packed  together,  in  some  portions,  as  many  as 
one  thousand  on  an  acre,  and  the  value  of  the 
land  has  risen  into  the  billions  of  dollars.  The 
Island  of  Manhattan  can  grow  only  in  one  direc- 
tion now,  and  that  is  skyward.  In  the  place  where 
you  live  your  neighbor  probably  lives  beside  you; 
in  New  York  he  would  live  over  you  or  under 
you,  and  you  would  have  so  many  neighbors  that 
you  could  not  be  expected  to  know  them,  so  they 
would  not  be  neighbors  at  all.  Land  in  New  York 
is  too  valuable  for  people  to  have  houses  with  gar- 
dens around  them,  so  houses  are  placed  one  on 
top  of  the  other,  and  no  one  has  a  garden.  These 
apartment  houses,  as  they  are  called,  are  often 
twelve  or  fifteen  stories  high ;  and  when  the  four 
sides  of  a  city  block  are  built  up  solidly,  those  who 
live  on  the  lower  floors  get  very  little  sunlight. 
As  there  are  no  yards,  New  York  boys  and  girls 
must  play  in  the  streets,  where  electric  cars,  auto- 


NEW   YORK  189 

mobiles,  and  delivery  wagons  are  constantly  rush- 
ing back  and  forth.  There  are  parks,  of  course, 
where  some  can  play,  but  the  most  beautiful  are 
far  from  the  heart  of  the  city.  The  boys  and  girls 


A  PICTURESQUE  SPOT  IN  CENTRAL  PARK 

Note  the  three  large  hotels  on  Fifth  Avenue  at  the  Park  entrance,  and  the  tall 
apartment  houses. 

of  one  large  school  have  to  travel  six  miles  to 
reach  their  athletic  field,  so  there  are  some  disad- 
vantages in  living  on  an  island  city. 

But  it  is  in  the  downtown  section  of  the  city 
that  the  real  sky-scrapers  are  found.1  Now  that  we 
have  learned  to  put  up  steel  frames  and  anchor  them 
to  bed-rock,  and  now  that  the  electric  elevator  has 

1  Study  the  buildings  shown  in  the  frontispiece  illustration. 


REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

been  invented,  there  is  apparently  no  end  to  the 
height  these  buildings  may  reach.  No  sooner  is 
the  "  highest "  office  building  erected  than  the 
next  year  sees  an  additional  story  or  two  on  an- 
other building.  These  lofty  towers  house  people 
enough  to  make  a  good-sized  town.  In  the  Hud- 


SKY  LINE  OF  LOWER  NEW  YORK 
The  Woolworth  Building,  at  the  left,  is  the  tallest  office  building  in  the  world 

son  Terminal  Building  there  are  four  thousand 
offices,  in  which  from  six  to  ten  thousand  persons 
are  employed.  This  is  a  city  in  itself,  and  is  so 
completely  fitted  up  that  a  man  can  lodge  there, 
take  his  morning  bath,  get  shaved,  have  his  shoes 
blacked,  buy  his  cigar  and  newspaper,  and  get 


NEW  YORK 


191 


all  his  meals,  without  once  going  outside.  These 
modern  office  buildings  are  truly  a  New  York  in- 
vention, made  necessary  by  the  small  space  avail- 
able for  business.  The  latest  sky-scraper  boasts 
of  fifty-five  stories,  being  higher  than  the  Pyramids, 
higher  than  anything  man  has  reared  except  the 


Copyright,  1912,  by  Qtoryt  P.  Hall  f  Sm,  Kf*  fork. 

FROM  THE  HUDSON  RIVER 
A  continuation  of  the  picture  on  the  opposite  page. 

Eiffel  Tower  in  Paris.  When  the  day's  work  is 
over, 'a  dense  throng  pours  forth  from  these  high 
steel  cages.  They  crowd  along  the  narrow  streets 
that  are  a  heritage  from  old  New  York,  they  push 
into  subway  or  surface  cars,  into  ferryboats  or 


192  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 


A  CONGESTED  TENEMENT-HOUSE  SECTION 

trains,  all  tired  and  hungry  and  eager  for  home. 
Many  thousands  live  in  New  Jersey  and  Connect- 
icut and  on  Long  Island.  The  Subway,  which 
runs  underground  nearly  the  whole  length  of 
Manhattan  Island,  carries  so  many  passengers  that 
it  is  as  if  nearly  the  whole  population  of  Phila- 
delphia were  emptied  out  every  day.  And  all  these 
people  find  work  in  New  York,  for  the  city  is  the 
pivot  of  the  nation ;  its  banks  lend  money  to  enter- 
prises all  over  the  land,  its  gold  is  sent  West  to 
harvest  our  crops,  and  the  crops  are  bought  and 
sold  in  New  York's  great  exchanges,  the  prices 
paid  being  telegraphed  all  over  our  country  as 
well  as  across  the  Atlantic. 

New  York  is  one  of  the  greatest  cosmopolitan 
cities,  forty-one  foreign  countries  sending  their 


NEW   YORK 


193 


consuls  to  New  York  to  look  out  for  their  trade 
and  to  help  citizens  who  may  be  living  or  visiting 
in  the  city.  There  are  more  Germans  in  New 
York  than  in  any  German  city  except  Berlin.  The 
Irish  police  the  city,  the  Italians  dig  its  subways, 
Greeks  sell  fruit  and  flowers,  the  Russian  and 
the  Pole  make  clothing,  and  negro  boys  from  the 
West  Indies  run  the  elevators  in  the  apartment 
houses.  There  are  quarters  in  the  city  where  one 
hears  only  Ital- 
ian spoken  ;  the 
Hungarian  s 
herd  by  them- 
selves; the  Syr- 
ian, the  Rou- 
manian, the 
Arab,  each  hears 
his  own  lan- 
guage, though 

i   •         1-11 

his  children  are 
taught  English 
in  the  schools.  Each  nationality  brings  something 
to  the  life  of  the  city,  and  the  whole  big  family  of 
nearly  five  million  people  lives  safely  and  for  the 
most  part  contentedly  together.  There  is  much  to 
make  life  in  New  York  happy,  even  for  the  boy  or 
girl  who  might  be  better  off  in  the  country.  Some 
of  the  richest  art  treasures  of  the  world  are  here, 
there  is  always  life  and  movement  on  the  street, 
and  there  is  great  opportunity  for  mutual  helpful- 


RIVERSIDE  DRIVE 
Showing  Hudson  River  and  the  Palisades. 


194  REPRESENTATIVE   CITIES 

ness,  for  in  city  life  one  learns  more  easily  than  in 
the  country  to  give  up  the  things  he  would  like  to 
do  for  the  sake  of  the  public  good.  New  York  is  a 
city  nobly  set,  and  public-spirited  citizens  are  be- 
ginning to  take  an  interest  in  keeping  the  beauty 
with  which  Nature  has  surrounded  it.  On  both 
sides  of  the  Hudson  are  wooded  parks  and  drives, 
offering  real  country  walks  and  quiet  playgrounds. 
Up  and  down  the  lordly  Hudson  pass  pleasure 
craft,  regular  passenger  steamers  to  Albany,  ferry- 
boats, and  the  little  tugs  which  lead  the  monster 
ocean  liners  in  and  out  of  the  bay.  When  the  sun 
shines,  as  it  does  a  good  deal  during  the  summer 
and  fall  and  early  winter,  the  air  is  dazzlingly  clear, 
the  river  sparkles  as  it  carries  its  broad  flood  out 
to  sea,  and  everyone  seems  happy  in  this  city  at 
the  Eastern  Gate  and  ready  to  echo  the  words  of 
Hendrik  Hudson,  "  The  land  is  as  beautiful  as  the 
foot  of  man  ever  trod  on." 

QUESTIONS   FOR   STUDY 

1.  How  many  of  the  cities  in  this  book  have  you  found  it 
would  take  to  equal  New  York  in  population  ? 

2.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States  draw  the  "  water- 
level  route"  that  leads  from  New  York  to  Chicago.    Lo- 
cate the  chief  cities  along  this  route. 

3.  Draw  ocean  routes  from  New  York  to  the  Representa- 
tive Cities  which  are  seaports.  Use  same  map  as  in  Ex- 
ercise 2. 

4.  Write  in  one  paragraph  the  chief  reasons  for  the  size  and 
importance  of  New  York. 


NEW   YORK  195 

5.  Copy  the  list  of  articles  the  New  York  girl  saw  on  the 
wharves,  and  opposite  each  write  the  name  of  the  port 
from  which  the  things  were  shipped. 

6.  Learn  the  location  of  every  city  and  country  named  in 
Exercise  5. 

7.  Which  city  of  the  United  States  ranks  next  to  New'York 
in  value  of  imports?  Of  exports? 

8.  Why  should  the  imports  of  New  York  and  Boston  be  so 
much  greater  in  number  and  value  than  those  of  Galves- 
ton  and  New  Orleans  ?  Why  should  the  exports  of  Galves- 
ton  and  New  Orleans  be  greater  in  value  than  those  of 
Boston  ? 

9.  How  many  loaves  of  bread  are  eaten  in  your  family  in  a 
week  ?  Calculate  about  how  many  it  would  take  to  feed 
the  population  of  New  York. 

10.  Examine  the  picture  of  the  Brooklyn  water  front.  What 
activities  do  you  see  for  the  unloading,  storing,  and  trans- 
porting of  foreign  products? 

u.  What  is  the  population  of  your  home  locality  ?  How  many 
the  size  of  yours  would  it  take  to  equal  New  York  ? 

12.  Describe  the  location  of  Long  Island  Sound  and  tell  us 
how  important  it  is  as  a  waterway. 

13.  After  studying  the  picture  of  the  Brooklyn  water  front, 
describe  how  an  ocean  steamer  is  moored  at  its  wharf. 

14.  Why  do  so  many  of  the  immigrants  who  land  in   New 
York  remain  in  the  city?  From  what  foreign  countries  do 
they  come  in  large  numbers  ? 

15.  Try  to  find  out  some  of  the  hard  conditions  under  which 
these  workers  live. 

1 6.  At  what  other  ports  of  the  United  States  is  sugar  refined  ? 
Why  at  these  ports?   (Consult  page  72  for  your  answer.) 

17.  Look  over  the  textbooks  you  use  in  school  and  report 
how  many  are  published  in  New  York.  Do  the  same  for 
the  books  in  your  school  library.  Why  should  New  York 
have  so  many  daily  newspapers?  In  what  languages  are 
they  likely  to  be  printed  ? 


196  REPRESENTATIVE    CITIES 

18.  Why  is  New  York  a  great  financial   center  ?  Ask  youi 
father  to  tell  you  something  about  the  New  York  Clear- 
ing House,  the  Produce  Exchange. 

19.  What  does  the  sky-line  of  lower  New  York  tell  you  about 
the  amount  of  business  done  in  the  city  ?  Refer  to  the 
illustrations  on  pages  190  and  191. 

20.  What  are  customs  duties  ?  Why  does  New  York  have  a 
Custom  House  ?  How  do  these  duties  affect  the  price  of 
stockings  sent  here  from  Germany  ? 

21.  How  high  is  your  school  building?  How  many  such  build- 
ings would  have  to  be  put  one  on  the  other  to  equal  the 
height  of  the  latest  sky-scraper  in  New  York  ? 

22.  Collect  some  pictures  of  New  York.  Try  to  find  some 
showing  the  beautiful  parts  of  the  city,  the  tall  build- 
ings, the  Sherman  statue,  the  Public  Library,  the  Penn- 
sylvania  and    Grand    Central    Stations,    the    Brooklyn 
Bridge. 

23.  What  city  of  the  United  States  lies  at  the  Western  Gate  ? 
Write  a  composition  comparing  the  location  of  that  city 
with  that  of  New  York  at  the  Eastern  Gate. 

24.  Would  you  like  to  live  in  New  York  ?  Why  ? 

25.  What  three  things  would  you  like  most  to  see  in  New 
York? 

EXERCISES    FOR  WORLD   REVIEW 

1.  Locate  the  famous  island  cities  Stockholm,  Venice,  Mon- 
treal, and  Bombay. 

2.  Select   from    the    "Twenty-five    Largest   Cities   of    the 
World  "  in  the  "  Reference  Tables  "  those  that  are  sea- 
ports. Arrange  them  in  the  order  of  their  size. 

3.  Learn  the  location  of  every  place  named  in  Exercise  2. 

4.  Which  of  the  "  Ten  Greatest  Seaports  "  are  included  in 
the  "  Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the  World  "  ? 

5.  In  how  many  lists  in  the  various  tables  in  the  Appendix 
does  New  York  appear?  Why? 


NEW   YORK  197 

6.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  world  draw  the  ocean  routes 
from  New  York  to  each  of  the  "Ten  Best  Customers"  of 
the  United  States.  (See  Appendix,  page  206.)  Locate  on 
the  map  the  chief  port  of  each  country. 


APPENDIX 

GENERAL   REVIEW   EXERCISES 

1.  Examine  a  map  of  the  United  States  and  tell  which  river 
valleys  are  most  thickly  populated.  Which  of  the  "Repre- 
sentative Cities  "  are  in  these  valleys  ? 

2.  Which  of  the  "Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the  World" 
are  located  in  rich  valleys  where  travel  is  easy  ? 

3.  Which  advantages  of  location  account  for  the  develop- 
ment of  St.  Louis,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Galveston,  and 
Los  Angeles  ? 

4.  Explain  why  industries  grow  up  at  a  break  in  transporta- 
tion. Show  how  this  influence  has  been  at  work  in  the 
development  of  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Antwerp,  Cologne. 

5.  Read  carefully  Rule  6  ("  Rules  governing  the  Location 
of  Cities  "),  then  with  a  map  before  you  study  the  loca- 
tions of  London,  Hamburg,  Shanghai,  Melbourne,  and 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  tell  in  what  respects  their  develop- 
ment has  been  similar  to  that  of  New  York  and  San  Fran- 
cisco. Do  you  find  a  rich  hinterland  in  each  case? 

6.  Why  is  the  head  of  a  bay  generally  a  more  favorable  loca- 
tion for  a  city  than  its  mouth  ?  Explain  how  Baltimore 
and  Montreal  illustrate  this  point. 

7.  Read  carefully  Rule  4  ("  Rules  governing  the  Location 
of  Cities"),  then  study  the  list  of  the  "Representative 
Cities  "  and  name  those  which  have  developed  manufactur- 
ing chiefly  because  of  excellent  means  of  transportation. 

8.  Which  of  the  "  Representative  Cities"  are  found  among 
the  "  Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the  United  States  "  ? 
Of  the  World  ? 

9.  From  the  list  of  the  "  Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the 
United  States  "  select  those  on  navigable  rivers ;  those  on 
bays. 


202  APPENDIX 

10.  From  the  "Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the  World"  select 
those  which  are  capitals.  Which  are  situated  in  the  center 
of  the  population  of  the  country  ? 

Mark  with  a  cross  those  of  the  "Twenty-five  Largest 
Cities  of  the  United  States  "  you  have  visited  or  passed 
through. 

12.  What  countries  are  represented  more  than  once  in  the 
"  Twenty-five  Largest  Cities  of  the  World  "  ? 

13.  Which  of  the  United  States'  cities  named  in  the  lists  of 
"  Exports  and   Imports  "  export    chiefly  raw  material  ? 
Which  import  chiefly  manufactured  articles  ? 

14.  Learn  the  location  of  the  "Ten  Greatest  Seaports." 

15.  Copy  the  list  of  America's  "Ten  Best  Customers,"  and 
opposite  each  write  the  name  of   its  chief  seaport ;  its 
capital. 

16.  Which  of  the  "Representative  Cities  "are  named  after 
noted  men  ?  Which  have  Indian  names?  Which  one  has 
a  name  descriptive  of  its  surrounding  country? 

17.  Arrange  the  list   of  "Representative   Cities"   to   show 
which  have  similar  average  temperatures  in  January ;  in 
July.  Arrange  them  to  show  how  they  rank  in  amount  of 
annual  rainfall. 

18.  Write  a  letter  to  the  author  of  this  book  telling  her  the 
names  of  the  cities  you  have  most  enjoyed  studying. 


Outline  maps  for  use  in  the  Exercises  are  issued  by  the 

following  firms  :  — 

McKinley  Outline  Maps,  McKinley  Publishing  Co.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

New  Century  Development  Maps,  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co., 
Boston. 

Harison  Outline  Maps,  William  Beverley  Harison,  New  York. 

Leete's  Outline  Maps,  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York. 


APPENDIX 


203 


AVERAGE  TEMPERATURES  AND  ANNUAL 
RAINFALL  OF  THE  "REPRESENTATIVE 
CITIES" 


TEMPERATURE 

ANNUAL 
RAINFALL 

January 

July 

San  Francisco    . 
Portland   .     .     .     .     '. 
Seattle  

50° 
38° 
30° 

< 

5° 

10 
10° 

25° 

3°: 

5° 

28° 

3°° 

65° 
65° 
65° 
70° 
over  80° 

65° 

7o° 

72° 

72° 
80° 
7°° 
72° 

20  inches 

5° 
40 

»5 

60 

3° 
25-3o 

35 

40 

5° 
45 
45 

Denver      
New  Orleans. 
Duluth  

Twin  Cities    .... 
Chicago  £ 
Gary        }  ' 
Pittsburgh  
Savannah  

New  York  

RULES   GOVERNING   THE   LOCATION   OF 
CITIES 

1.  People  are  found  in  greatest  numbers  in  regions  of  rich 
soil  and    easy  travel ;   hence  the  rich  valleys  are  most 
thickly  populated. 

2.  Valleys  and  plains  are  natural  routes  for  canals  and  rail- 
roads. 

3.  To  make  an  industry  possible,  men  must  be  able  to  sell 
their  products  and  deliver  where  desired  ;  hence  trans- 
portation means  are  demanded. 

4.  Where  transportation  facilities  are  best,  all  kinds  of  in- 
dustries flourish. 

5.  Industries  grow  up  where  a  break  in  transportation  occurs. 

6.  If  a  country  back  of  a  coast  is  desert  or  barren,  no  large 


204  APPENDIX 

city  is  likely  to  grow  up  there.  If  a  navigable  river  leads 
to  a  back  country  rich  in  agricultural  or  mineral  products, 
industries  and  commerce  flourish. 

7.  A  commercial  city  must  get  as  close  as  possible  to  its  hin- 
terland ;  therefore  the  head  of  a  bay  is  generally  a  more 
favorable  location  than  its  mouth. 


THE  TWENTY-FIVE  LARGEST  CITIES  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES,  1910 

CITIES  POPULATION 

New  York,  N.  Y.  4,766,883 

Chicago,  111.  2,185,283 

Philadelphia,  Pa.  1,549,008 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  687,029 

Boston,  Mass.  670,585 

Cleveland,  O.  560,663 

Baltimore,  Md.  558,663 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.  533>9°5 

Detroit,  Mich.  465,766 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.  423,715 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  416,912 

Milwaukee,  Wis.  373,^57 

Cincinnati,  O.  364,463 

Newark,  N.  J.  347,469 

New  Orleans,  La.  339, °7S 

Washington,  D.  C.  331,069 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.  319,198 

Minneapolis,  Minn.  301,408 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.  267,779 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  248,381 

Seattle,  Wash.  237,194 

Indianapolis,  Ind.  233,650 

Providence,  R.  I.  224,326 

Louisville,  Ky.  223,928 

Rochester,  N.  Y.  218,149 


APPENDIX 


205 


THE  TWENTY-FIVE   LARGEST 

CITIES  OF 

THE 

WORLD  l 

London 

1911 

7,251,358 

New  York 

1910 

4,766,883 

Paris 

1911 

2,888,110 

Chicago 

1910 

2,185,283 

Tokio 

1912 

2,099,181 

Berlin 

1910 

2,071,257 

Vienna 

1910 

2,031,498 

St.  Petersburg 

1912 

2,018,596 

Moscow 

1912 

1,617,157 

Canton 

(cat) 

1,600,000 

Peking 

(est.) 

1,600,000 

Philadelphia 

1910 

1,549,008 

Buenos  Ayres 

191  1 

1,360,406 

Osaka 

1912 

1,226,590 

Constantinople 

(est.) 

1,203,000 

Calcutta 

191  1 

i,°43>3°7 

Shanghai 

(est.) 

1,000,000 

Tientsin 

(est.) 

1,000,000 

Bombay 

1911 

979,445 

Hamburg 

1912 

953,079 

Budapest 

1910 

880,371 

Warsaw 

1910 

872,478 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

1908 

858,000 

Glasgow 

1911 

784,496 

Liverpool 

191  1 

746,421 

l  Chiefly  from  Statesman's  Year-Book,  1914. 

THE  TEN   GREATEST   SEAPORTS    OF  THE 

WORLD 
RANK  IN  TONNAGE 

New  York  1913  28,834,780 

Hamburg  1911  27,404,989 


206 


APPENDIX 


Antwerp 

Rotterdam 

London 

Hong  Kong 

Shanghai 

Marseilles 

Singapore 

Liverpool 


1911 

26,656,480 

1912 

21,852,676 

1911 

20,978,223 

191  1 

20,490,520 

1911 

18,600,305 

1911 

16,250,195 

1911 

IS»4S3>476 

191  1 

14,767.99° 

EXPORTS    AND    IMPORTS    OF    PRINCIPAL 


Country 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Germany 

France 

Netherlands 

Belgium 


COUNTRIES 


Date 

Exports 

Imports 

1912 

$2,362,000,000 

$l,8l2,OOO,OOO 

1912 

2,391,000,000 

3,623,000,000 

1912 

2,131,000,000 

2,544,000,000 

1912 

I,28o,OOO,OOO 

1,534,000,000 

1911 

1,090,000,000 

1,332,000,000 

1912 

753>°oo»000 

899,000,000 

THE   TEN   BEST 
UNITED 

United  Kingdom 

Canada 

Germany 

France 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Cuba 

Belgium 

Japan 

Mexico 


CUSTOMERS   OF   THE 
STATES,   1913 

$597,000,000 

415,000,000 

331,000,000 

146,000,000 

125,000,000 

76,000,000 

70,000,000 

66,000,000 

57,000,000 

54,000,000 


APPENDIX  207 

THE  TEN  COUNTRIES  MAKING  THE  LARG- 
EST EXPORTS  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(for  the  latest  year  available) 

United  Kingdom  $295,000,000 

Germany  188,000,000 

France  136,000,000 

Cuba  126,000,000 

Canada  120,000,000 

Brazil  120,000,000 

Japan  91,000,000 

Mexico  77,000,000 

British  India  67,000,000 

Italy  48,000,000 

VALUE  OF  IMPORTS   AT  PRINCIPAL  PORTS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1913 

New  York  $1,048,000,000 

Boston  159,000,000 

Philadelphia  93,000,000 

New  Orleans  82,000,000 

San  Francisco  62,000,000 

Baltimore  32,000,000 

VALUE  OF  EXPORTS  AT  PRINCIPAL  PORTS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,   1913 

New  York  $917,000,000 

Galveston  281,000,000 

New  Orleans 

Baltimore 

Philadelphia 

Boston 

Savannah 


208 


APPENDIX 


WOOL  PRODUCTION  OF  THE  WORLD 
(latest  figures  available) 

Australia  941,000,000  pounds 

Argentina  414,000,000 

United  States  318,000,000 

South  Africa  130,000,000 

Uruguay  124,000,000 

SOME  IMPORTANT  RIVERS  OF  THE  WORLD 

Rivers  (Approximate  length  in  miles) 

North  America 

Missouri-Mississippi 


Colorado 
Columbia 
Ohio 
Hudson 

South  America 
Amazon 

Parana-La  Plata 
Orinoco 

Europe 
Volga 
Danube 
Dnieper 
Rhine 
Elbe 
Rhone 
Seine 
Thames 

Asia 

Yangtse-kiang 

Hoang-ho 

Ganges 


4,200 
2,000 
1,400 
975 
35° 


2,300 


2,200 

1,  800 

I,2OO 

800 

725 

5°4 
425 
228 

3,000 
2,600 
1,500 


APPENDIX  209 


Africa 

Nile 

3,600 

Congo 

2,800 

Zambesi 

i,  600 

Australia 

Darling 

1,160 

Murray 

I,IOO 

SOME   FAMOUS   MOUNTAIN 

PEAKS 

Mount  Everest 

29,002  feet 

Mount  McKinley 

20,464 

Mount  Ararat 

16,925 

Mount  Blanc 

15,780 

The  Matterhorn 

14,780 

Mount  Rainier 

14,526 

Pike's  Peak 

14,108 

The  Jungfrau 

13,670 

Mount  Etna 

10,865 

Mount  Washington 

6,293 

Mount  Vesuvius 

4,260 

INDEX 


Allegheny  River,  122. 
American  Bridge  Company,  144. 
Appalachian  Mountains,  148. 
Arbor  Day,  50,  51. 
Atlanta,  148. 

Bananas,  5,  61,62,  68;  trade  of  Boston 
in,  171. 

Belgium,  154. 

Bienville,  64,  65. 

Blast  furnace,  82,  124,  130,  140-42. 

"Blessing  of  the  Bay,"  174. 

Bordeaux,  153. 

Boston,  events  of  1776  in,  3;  age  of,  77; 
transportation  routes  to  and  from, 
1 08;  street  plan  of,  162-66;  location 
of,  166,167;  "Hub  "of  New  England, 
167-69;  parks  of,  170;  commerce  of, 
171,  172;  as  a  market,  172,  173. 

Braddock,  124,  129,  130. 

"Bread-basket  of  the  world,"  94. 

Budapest,  94,  97-99. 

California,  missions  of,  3. 

California  Valley,  i,  7,  8,  14. 

Calumet  River,  139. 

Carnegie,  Andrew,  122. 

Carquinez,  strait  of,  14. 

Charleston,  148. 

Chicago,  names  of,  103-05;  play- 
grounds of,  104;  resources  of,  105-07; 
as  a  food  market,  106, 107;  as  a  trans- 
portation center,  108;  industries  of, 
109,  no;  growth  of,  in,  112;  people, 
114;  beef,  184. 

Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  113,  114. 

Chicago  River,  107,  110-12. 

"  City  in  the  Wilderness,"  44-54. 

Coal,  38,  40,  51,  53,  54;  barges,  127; 
trade,  70,  83,  84,  119,  123,  126-28, 
171,  172;  supply  of  New  York,  183, 
1 86. 

Coffee,  33,  59,  61,  127,  171,  185,  186. 

Coke,  123,  138,  143,  145,  148. 

Columbia  River,  20,  25,  27. 

Commerce,  crossroads  of,  20,  181. 

Cork  factory,  126. 

Cotton,  33,  54,  60,  69,  119,  147,  148, 


ISS,  156, 170, 171 ;  trade,  40,  59, 171, 
185,  186;  mills,  59;  ports,  147;  gin, 
155;  clothing,  170. 
"Crescent  City,"  57,  66. 

Denver,  location  and  settlement  of,  44, 
45.  47.  49;  growth  of,  48,  51;  rainfall 
of,  49,  50;  industries  of,  51-53; 
trade  routes  to  and  from,  53,  54; 
"Welcome  Arch,"  of,  54. 

Docks:  Gary,  141;  Great  Northern, 
41;  New  York,  187;  San  Francisco, 
5;  Savannah,  153,  155. 

Duluth,  location  of,  74,  77,  78;  name 
°f.  74.  75;  rivalry  of,  with  Superior, 
75,  76;  as  a  break  in  transportation, 
78,  79;  trade  of,  79-83;  on  ore 
route,  80;  school  fund  of,  82;  ore 
boat  from,  143. 

Duluth,  Daniel  Greysolon,  74. 

Duquesne,  124,  130. 

Erie  Canal,  179. 
"Evergreen  State,"  38. 

Flour,  21,  24,  147;  trade:  of  Seattle,  33, 
40;  of  New  York,  186;  mills:  of  Den- 
ver, 52;  of  Minneapolis,  93. 

Forest  City,  147,  149,  151,  158. 

Forests,  22,  78,  126,  147,  152,  153. 

Fort  Snelling,  88,  91,  98,  100. 

Fur  market  of  St.  Paul,  88. 

Galveston,  37,  147. 

Garden  City,  103,  104. 

Gary,  growth  of,  45;  story  ot,  134-40; 
mills  of,  141,  142;  ore  docks  of,  143; 
coke  ovensof ,  144, 145 ;  industries,  146. 

Gate  cities:  Vienna,  18,  19;  Chatta- 
nooga, 148;  Atlanta,  148. 

"Gateway  of  the  West,"  119,  124. 

Genoa,  77. 

Georgia,  pine  forests  of,  152,  153;  cot- 
ton crops  of,  155;  truck  farms  of,  156. 

Germany,  154. 

Glasgow,  59. 

Glass-making,  125,  126. 

Gold,  discovery  of,  2,  40,  45,  48;  in 


INDEX 


211 


California,  2,  7;  in  Alaska,  40,  89;  in 
Rocky  Mountains,  45,  48,  54;  trans- 
portation of,  51 . 

Golden,  48,  54. 

Golden  Gate,  4,  14,  15. 

Grain  elevators,  52,  79,  94,  95,  no. 

Great  American  Desert,  46. 

Great  Lakes,  25;  cities  of  the,  78,  79. 

Gulf  Stream,  158. 

Height  of  Land,  80,  98. 

Hemp,  33,  59. 

Hibbing,  80,  82. 

Hill,  James  J.,  114. 

Hinterland,  I,  7,  14,  25,  64,  106,  148, 

179,  180. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  168. 
Homestead,  124,  129,  130. 
Hood,  Mt.,  21,  26. 
Hudson,  Hendrik,  194. 
Hudson  River  and  Valley,  25,  180,  183, 

193, 194- 
Hull  House,  114. 
Hungary,  98. 

"Inland  Empire,"  21,  22,  25,  33,  54. 
Iron,  80-82,  98,  119,  123,  124,  138,  141. 
Iron  City,  125. 

Landes,  152,  153. 

Liverpool,  58-60. 

London,  27,  78,  in;  story  of,  131-36. 

Long,  Major,  46. 

Lumber,  22-24,  33,  106,  no. 

Lumber  trade,  of  Seattle,  40;  of  New 

Orleans,  60;  of  Duluth,  78,   79;   of 

Minneapolis,  92,  95. 
Lynn,  173. 

Mahogany,  60. 

McCormick  Harvesting  Company,  109. 

Meat-packing,  52,  109. 

Mesaba  iron  mines,  81—83. 

Michigan,  Lake,  108,  114. 

Minneapolis,  87,  89,  91,  92,  94-99. 

Minnehaha  Falls,  too. 

Minnesota,  82,  91;  University  of,  99. 

"  Minnesota,"  steamship,  33. 

Minuit,  Peter,  188. 

Mississippi  steamboats,  63. 

Mississippi  Valley, 90,  91, 106, 148,179. 

Mohawk  River  and  Valley,  180,  181. 


Molasses,  57,  119,  187. 
Monongahela  River,  120,  130. 

Natural  gas,  125,  126. 

Naval  stores,  147,  152-54,  159. 

New  Orleans,  levees  of,  57,  58,  61,  64, 
65;  commerce  of,  58-63,  178;  found- 
ing of,  64,  65;  location  of,  65,  66; 
French  quarter,  65,  67;  streets  of,  68; 
climate  and  vegetation  of,  68,  69;  in- 
dustries of,  69;  trade  routes  to  and 
from,  59,  70,  71;  coal  trade  of,  127; 
rank  of,  in  cotton  export,  147. 

New  York,  growth  and  location  of, 
177-82;  commerce  of,  180-86;  food 
supply  of,  183,  184;  manufactures, 
185,  187;  conditions  of  life  in,  188- 

94- 

Nome,  14,  40. 

Oglethorpe,  General,  147,  149,  150. 
Ohio  River,  121,  123;  coal  trade,  127, 

128. 

Oil,  7,  126,  187. 
Olympic  Mountains,  37,  38. 
Oregon,  forests  of,  22;  exports  of,  24; 

port  of,  28,  29. 
Orient,  products  from  the,  23,  33. 

Panama  Canal  route,  4,  70. 

Peking,  in. 

Pike's  Peak,  50. 

Pittsburgh,  coal  trade  of,  70,  126-28; 
ore  supply  for,  82;  Greater,  87,  131; 
location  and  settlement  of,  118-22, 
128,  129;  transportation  facilities  of , 
122,  123;  products  of,  80,  124-28. 

Portland  (Me.),  26. 

Portland  (Ore.),  location  of ,  19-21,  26, 
27;  commerce  of,  22-24;  settlement 
of,  26;  Rose  Carnival  of,  27;  climate 
of,  28;  compared  with  Savannah,  147. 

Puget  Sound,  20,  32,  34. 

Pullman  Company,  no. 

Quebec,  cliffs  of,  77. 

"Queen  City  of  the  Northwest,"  32, 35, 

42,  47- 
"Queen  City  of  the  Plains,"  44. 

Railroads:  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa 
F€,  6,  45;  Atlantic  Coast-Line,  149; 


212 


INDEX 


Baltimore  and  Ohio,  120,  137,  179; 
Boston  and  Albany,  168, 179;  Boston 
and  Maine,  168;  Canadian  Pacific, 
32;  Central  of  Georgia,  149;  Central 
of  New  Jersey,  179;  Central  Pacific, 
6;  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy, 
32,  45,  89,  109;  Chicago  and  Great 
Western,  89;  Chicago,  Milwaukee, 
and  Puget  Sound,  32;  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee, and  St.  Paul,  89;  Chicago, 
and  Northwestern, 75, 109;  Delaware, 
Lackawanna,  and  Western,  179; 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande,  45;  Denver 
and  Northwestern  Pacific,  45,  89; 
Duluth,  Mesaba,  and  Northern,  75; 
Erie,  179;  Great  Northern,  32,  75,  89, 
94,  114;  Gulf  to  Sound,  53,  54;  Illi- 
nois Central,  105,  109;  Lake  Shore 
and  Michigan  Southern,  109,  137; 
Lehigh  Valley,  179;  Michigan  Cen- 
tral, 109,  137;  New  York  Central, 
109,  179,  182-84;  New  York,  New 
Haven,  and  Hartford,  168,  179; 
Northern  Pacific,  32,  75,  89,  94;  New 
York,  Ontario,  and  Western,  179; 
Pennsylvania,  109,  120,  137,  179, 
182;  Pennsylvania  and  Lake  Erie, 
120;  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  Chicago, 
and  St.  Louis,  120;  Southern,  149; 
Southern  Pacific,  6;  Union  Pacific, 
45;  Wabash,  109,  120,  137;  Western 
Pacific,  6. 

Rainfall,  of  San  Francisco,  n;  of  Port- 
land, 27,  28;  of  Denver,  49,  50;  of 
New  Orleans,  69. 

Rome,  in. 

"Rose  City,"  18,  19,  26,  28. 

Sacramento  River,  7,  20. 

Salem,  163,  166. 

San  Francisco,  location  of,  I,  9, 13, 178; 
founding  of,  I,  3,  5;  missions  of,  3, 
161;  commerce  of,  4,  6,  14,  24,  53, 
60,  70,  108,  178;  hills  of,  9,  10,  162; 
seal  of,  12,  13;  street  plan  of,  162. 

San  Francisco  Bay,  3, 4, 6-8, 10, 13,  87. 

San  Joaquin  River,  7,  20. 

Savannah,  a  river  town,  45 ;  location  of, 
147-50;  name  of,  150;  parks  of,  150, 
151;  river  improvements  of,  152; 
commerce  of,  152-57;  industries  of, 
153, 155-57,'I56, 171, 186;  life  in,  158. 


Seattle,  location  of,  32-35 ;  removal  of 
hills  in,  36,  37;  scenery  surrounding, 
38,39;  commerce  of  ,40-54;  climate  of, 
41;  boom  of,  89;  street  plan  of,  162. 

Serra,  Father  Junfpero,  3,  4. 

Shanghai,  I. 

Sierras,  7,  19. 

"Smoky  City,"  124,  130. 

South  Platte  River,  44,  47. 

St.  Anthony  Falls,  88,  91. 

St.  Paul,  87-91,  97-99. 

Steel,  mills,  5,  138,  141-43;  products- 
40,  80,  106,  no,  124,  125. 

Suez  Canal,  no. 

Sugar  refinery  of  New  Orleans,  69. 

Sugar  trade,  of  San  Francisco,  5 ;  of  New 
Orleans,  57,  70,  119;  of  Boston,  171; 
of  New  York,  187. 

Superior,  75,  76,  79-81,  84,  87. 

Tamalpais,  Mt.,  10. 

Tennessee  River,  148. 

Tonnage,  78,  84,  128. 

Totem  Pole,  35,  161. 

Transportation,  break  in,  78,  119. 

Turpentine,  147,  152-54,  156,  157- 

"  Twin  Cities,"  a  city  group,  87;  loca- 
tion and  settlement  of,  87-91 ;  as  a 
distributing  point,  90;  industries  of, 
90-97;  compared  with  Budapest, 
97-99  ;  parks  of,  99,  100. 

United  Fruit  Company,  62. 

United  Kingdom,  154. 

United  States  Assay  Office,  40. 

United  States  mail,  63. 

United  States  Steel  Corporation,  138. 

Vienna,  18,  19. 

Washington,  George,  120. 

Webster,  Daniel,  46. 

Westinghouse  Companies,  125. 

Wheat,  5,  21,  22-24,  33,  79,  92. 

Wheat  trade,  106,  179. 

Whitney,  Eli,  155. 

Willamette  River  and  Valley,  18,  20, 

22,  26,  27,  29. 
Winthrop,  John,  163,  174. 
Wool,  27;  trade  of  Boston,  171,  173. 
Woolworth  Building,  190. 

"Zenith  City,"  74,  77,  84. 


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